The Scream, A Painting by Edvard Munch

Socioeconomic Factors and the Health of Individuals Essay

Introduction Socio-economic class or socio-economic status (SES) may refer to mixture of various factors such as poverty, occupation and environment. It is a way of measuring the standard and quality of life of individuals and families in society using social and economic factors that affect health and wellbeing ( Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Cockerham (2007 p75) argues: ‘Social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is the strongest predictor of health, disease causation and longevity in medical sociology.’ Research in the 1990s, (Drever and Whitehead, 1997) found out that people in higher SES are generally healthier, and live longer than those in lower SES. The biomedical model of health has been criticised because it fails to include the†¦show more content†¦Meltzer et al., (1995) argues that the unemployed and unskilled have more mentally unstable symptoms compared to those in employment. Also, the fear of being unemployed and job insecurity has a disadvantageous effect on health (Bartley et al., 1996). When compared, the lifestyles of the unskilled and unemployed vary from those in employment (Moser et al., 1990) in that the unemployed, unskilled (Meltzer et al, 1995) and homeless (Stark et al., 1989) are more engaged into alcoholism, drug addictions. All these have an adverse effects on an individual’s health this has however been raised as a mental health issue (Heller et al, 1996). Browne and Bottril (1999) did some research on class and health and came out with some findings in relation to unemployment and employment. They found out that; †¢ Unskilled manual workers usually die most before retirement than professional white- collar workers and those children born by professional white-collar workers tend to have longer life expectancy than someone born in by an unskilled manual worker. †¢ Individuals in employment live longer than those unemployed. †¢ People in professional occupations and working class people visited the doctors less often than those in long standing, unskilled and manual occupations. Poverty and its effects on Health Poverty as defined by The World Bank (2000:15) is ‘pronounced deprivation in well-being’. Well being on the other hand is maintaining a goodShow MoreRelatedWang And Steven Model Of The Cumulative Impact Of Multiple Risk Factors951 Words   |  4 Pagescumulative impact of multiple risk factors? 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A health contagion has not yet appeared to combat the majority of high BMI networks, but there are promising signa ls. Obesity-related intervention strategies have displayed significantly better results when individuals are placed in a group compared to targeting one individual by a medical professional (Paul-EbhohimhenRead MoreEffectiveness Of Models Of Health1647 Words   |  7 PagesModels of Health in relation to Smoking-related Conditions Models of health include biomedical model and social models.  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Firstly, this essay explains why as patterns of illness change over the last 150 years, social models are more relevant than biomedical model in helping us understand causes of ill health. Secondly, it discusses how social models like Biopsychosocial and Dhalgren and Whitehead’s model are effective, to a certain extent, in explaining current trends in significant health issues likeRead MoreMedical Access Among Individuals Of A Low Ses And High Ses Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pageshas become more of an enterprise generating income from individuals that cannot afford the expenses. The service provided to an individual is dictated by the socioeconomic status (SES) of that individual. According to various scholars, the term SES is defined as a tool utilized to measure an individual’s economic and social standing in comparison to others based on education, occupation, and income. When endeavoring to unde rstand the health disparities that exist within and throughout the variousRead MoreThe Importance Of Healthcare In America1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthe overall health of society is increasing. However, a closer look reveals the fact that, although the United States has a much more advanced healthcare system, the health disparities between various socioeconomic classes within the country are growing rapidly. It is true that the efficacy and efficiency of the healthcare system has been improving but unfortunately, these benefits have been unequally distributed amongst citizens in the United States. More specifically, individuals of lower socioeconomicRead MoreA Person s View On Health And Illness815 Words   |  4 Pages A person’s view on health influences their behaviour in relation to health and illness (Berman et al., 2015 p 334). Identify two factors that can influence health and illness, and discuss why these are relevant to nursing practise and care provision. Many factors can have the ability to influence an individual’s view on health and the way they choose to deal with their wellbeing. Cultural beliefs and social factors such as socioeconomic status, which correlates with low levels of education, areRead MoreInfluences on the Health of a Community1152 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences on the Health of a Community The health of a community is influenced by many factors including the social, cultural, and ethnic mix of the community, varying individual belief and moral systems, and the impact of political and economic factors to name a few. Strong social community associations, affiliations, and ties, within the interior of the community also influence the overall health of the community collective. Additional influences are the actual physical environment, surroundingsRead MoreThe Link Between Health and Socioeconomic, Environmental and Demographics Factors 1720 Words   |  7 PagesWorld Health Organization (WHO, 1978), health can be defined not only in terms of absence of disease, injury or infirmity, but also, as a state of mental, physical and social well-being. Over the last decades, many studies have emphasized the role of social circumstances on health status. The tight link between health and a wide range of socioeconomic, environmental and demographics factors have been increasing ly recognized and proffer an alternative perspective on how to consider public health, social

Semiconductor Devices free essay sample

A p-doped semiconductor is relatively conductive. The same is true of an n-doped semiconductor, but the junction between them can become depleted of charge carriers, and hence non-conductive, depending on the relative voltages of the two semiconductor regions. By manipulating this non-conductive layer, p–n junctions are commonly used as diodes: circuit elements that allow a flow of electricity in one direction but not in the other (opposite) direction. This property is explained in terms of forward bias and reverse bias, where the term bias refers to an application of electric voltage to the p–n junction. edit] Equilibrium (zero bias) In a p–n junction, without an external applied voltage, an equilibrium condition is reached in which a potential difference is formed across the junction. This potential difference is called built-in potential Vbi. After joining p-type and n-type semiconductors, electrons near the p–n interface tend to diffuse into the p regi on. As electrons diffuse, they leave positively charged ions (donors) in the n region. Similarly, holes near the p–n interface begin to diffuse into the n-type region leaving fixed ions (acceptors) with negative charge. The regions nearby the p–n interfaces lose their neutrality and become charged, forming the space charge region or depletion layer (see figure A). Figure A. A p–n junction in thermal equilibrium with zero bias voltage applied. Electrons and holes concentration are reported respectively with blue and red lines. Gray regions are charge neutral. Light red zone is positively charged. Light blue zone is negatively charged. The electric field is shown on the bottom, the electrostatic force on electrons and holes and the direction in which the diffusion tends to move electrons and holes. The electric field created by the space charge region opposes the diffusion process for both electrons and holes. There are two concurrent phenomena: the diffusion process that tends to generate more space charge, and the electric field generated by the space charge that tends to counteract the diffusion. The carrier concentration profile at equilibrium is shown in figure A with blue and red lines. Also shown are the two counterbalancing phenomena that establish equilibrium. Figure B. A p–n junction in thermal equilibrium with zero bias voltage applied. Under the junction, plots for the charge density, the electric field and the voltage are reported. The space charge region is a zone with a net charge provided by the fixed ions (donors or acceptors) that have been left uncovered by majority carrier diffusion. When equilibrium is reached, the charge density is approximated by the displayed step function. In fact, the region is completely depleted of majority carriers (leaving a charge density equal to the net doping level), and the edge between the space charge region and the neutral region is quite sharp (see figure B, Q(x) graph). The space charge region has the same magnitude of charge on both sides of the p–n interfaces, thus it extends farther on the less doped side (the n side in figures A and B). [edit] Forward bias In forward bias, the p-type is connected with the positive terminal and the n-type is connected with the negative terminal. PN junction operation in forward bias mode showing reducing depletion width. Both p and n junctions are doped at a 1e15/cm3 doping level, leading to built-in potential of ~0. 59V. Reducing depletion width can be inferred from the shrinking charge profile, as fewer dopants are exposed with increasing forward bias. With a battery connected this way, the holes in the P-type region and the electrons in the N-type region are pushed towards the junction. This reduces the width of the depletion zone. The positive charge applied to the P-type material repels the holes, while the negative charge applied to the N-type material repels the electrons. As electrons and holes are pushed towards the junction, the distance between them decreases. This lowers the barrier in potential. With increasing forward-bias voltage, the depletion zone eventually becomes thin enough that the zones electric field cant counteract charge carrier motion across the p–n junction, consequently reducing electrical resistance. The electrons which cross the p–n junction into the P-type material (or holes which cross into the N-type material) will diffuse in the near-neutral region. Therefore, the amount of minority diffusion in the near-neutral zones determines the amount of current that may flow through the diode. Only majority carriers (electrons in N-type material or holes in P-type) can flow through a semiconductor for a macroscopic length. With this in mind, consider the flow of electrons across the junction. The forward bias causes a force on the electrons pushing them from the N side toward the P side. With forward bias, the depletion region is narrow enough that electrons can cross the junction and inject into the P-type material. However, they do not continue to flow through the P-type material indefinitely, because it is energetically favorable for them to recombine with holes. The average length an electron travels through the P-type material before recombining is called the diffusion length, and it is typically on the order of microns. [2] Although the electrons penetrate only a short distance into the P-type material, the electric current continues uninterrupted, because holes (the majority carriers) begin to flow in the opposite direction. The total current (the sum of the electron and hole currents) is constant in space, because any variation would cause charge buildup over time (this is Kirchhoffs current law). The flow of holes from the P-type region into the N-type region is exactly analogous to the flow of electrons from N to P (electrons and holes swap roles and the signs of all currents and voltages are reversed). Therefore, the macroscopic picture of the current flow through the diode involves electrons flowing through the N-type region toward the junction, holes flowing through the P-type region in the opposite direction toward the junction, and the two species of carriers constantly recombining in the vicinity of the junction. The electrons and holes travel in opposite directions, but they also have opposite charges, so the overall current is in the same direction on both sides of the diode, as required. The Shockley diode equation models the forward-bias operational characteristics of a p–n junction outside the avalanche (reverse-biased conducting) region. [edit] Reverse bias A silicon p–n junction in reverse bias. Reverse biased usually refers to how a diode is used in a circuit. If a diode is reverse biased, the voltage at the cathode is higher than that at the anode. Therefore, no current will flow until the diode breaks down. Connecting the P-type region to the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type region to the positive terminal, corresponds to reverse bias. The connections are illustrated in the following diagram: Because the p-type material is now connected to the negative terminal of the power supply, the holes in the P-type material are pulled away from the junction, causing the width of the depletion zone to increase. Similarly, because the N-type region is connected to the positive terminal, the electrons will also be pulled away from the junction. Therefore the depletion region widens, and does so increasingly with increasing reverse-bias voltage. This increases the voltage barrier causing a high resistance to the flow of charge carriers thus allowing minimal electric current to cross the p–n junction. The increase in resistance of the p–n junction results in the junction behaving as an insulator. The strength of the depletion zone electric field increases as the reverse-bias voltage increases.

Outlier free essay sample

However, after reading Malcolm Gladwell’s opinion my beliefs are now different. One of the more important examples Malcolm Gladwell mentions that showed how different I thought was the success story of Bill Gates. I personally believed that Bill Gates was successful only because he was an intelligent man who was driven by hard work and his goal to create the personal computer. Previous to this novel my only education on Bill Gates was from reading short articles about him and from what I have heard from friends and teachers. What I did not know about Bill Gates was his given circumstance and the support from his family and others. Malcolm Gladwell mentions that there important opportunities that were â€Å"incredible lucky series of events†(Gladwell, 2008), that created his success. Some of the opportunities Bill Gates was given were his â€Å"free computer time at the University of Washington†(Gladwell, 2008) and also previous to that his mother along with others â€Å"had enough money to pay for his high school Lakesides computer fees†(Gladwell, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Outlier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without the circumstance of Bill Gates receiving free computer time, chances are he wouldn’t have been nearly as intelligent and innovative with computers as he is today. To reiterate Malcolm Gladwell’s argument about super achievers are successful because of their families, in Bill Gates circumstance it is true. He wouldn’t have had the opportunity to practice with computers at a young age if his mother couldn’t afford to pay for the schools computer fees. Based on Bill Gates example Malcolm Gladwell writes about, it creates a credible argument to how he believes how to become successful. I did not even consider before reading this novel that family and the fortunate circumstances you are given are a substantial part to ones success. However, now it is crucial that it is not overlooked. 2. In my opinion, the â€Å"cultural language† in the United States varies across the country depending on where you are from. I believe that in some regions of the United States the cultural language is similar to the language represented by the co-pilot Koltz in â€Å"The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes†(Gladwell, 2008). However, I also believe in other vicinities in the United States the cultural language is outgoing and in the situation presented in the plane crash chapter, the cultural language would have been much more extrovert. The cultural language across the United States has emerged and evolved based on where you and your parents are from and how you were raised. Moments before the plane â€Å"Avianca 052†(Gladwell, 2008) crashed after running out of fuel, Co-Pilot Mauricio Klotz attempted to warn Kennedy Airport that their airplane did not have the sufficient amount of fuel to land. However, because Klotz was using â€Å"his own cultural language†, the controllers were not able to comprehend the trouble Avianca 052 was really in. I believe Klotz’s mitigated speech during this problem is similar to some cultural languages in the United States. For example, Malcolm Gladwell discusses Robert Sternberg’s theory of â€Å"practical intelligence†(Gladwell, 2008). To Sternberg, practical intelligence is â€Å"knowledge that helps out read situations correctly and get what you want†(Gladwell, 2008). It is clear that Klotz’s cultural language lacked practical intelligence. However, I believe numerous cultures in the United States also lack the same intelligence. Malcolm Gladwell recalls a study where â€Å"Annette Lareau conducted a fascinating study of a group of third graders†(Gladwell, 2008). Results of the study showed that lower-class children are â€Å"quiet and submissive†(Gladwell, 2008). Therefore, children and adults who are from lower-class families very well could have responded the same way Klotz did during a time of emergency. The cultural language of the United States can also be outgoing and far from â€Å"quiet and submissive†. Malcolm Gladwell discusses the South and the personalities people possess there. From results of an experiment, it had shown that Southerners were more willing to stand up for themselves. The experiment consisted of calling them an â€Å"asshole† to see if it â€Å"caused their levels of testosterone and cortisol-the hormones that drive arousal and aggression-to go up† (Gladwell, 2008). The results were the Southerners â€Å"were angry, their cortisol and testosterone jumped. Their handshakes got firm†. It is easy to predict how a Southerner would have reacted to a plane moment’s way from crashing if they react strongly to simply being called a derogatory name. My guess is that if a Southerner was a co-pilot, the controllers at Kennedy Airport would have understood the trouble the airplane was in. I believe our vast cultural language derived from what Malcolm Gladwell would call â€Å"the culture of honor†(Gladwell, 2008). The â€Å"culture of honor† describes people behave the way they do because of where â€Å"you grew up or where your parents grew up†¦where your great-grandparents and your great-great-grandparents grew up and even where your great-great-great-grandparents grew up†(Gladwell, 2008). This explains our difference in the United States culture because the majority of the people living in the United States families were once immigrants. People come from all over the world to live in the U. S. and that is why are culture is different from any others. I believe our vast cultural language works in favor with our social structure because it matches with the supply and demand of our economy. For example, there are plenty of jobs in the United States where people who respect their superiors and are afraid to speak up can work. Also, there are opportunities to open up your own business if you contain traits similar to Malcolm Gladwell’s example of a Southerner and do not mesh well with being told what to do. 3. When Gladwell says that biologists talk about the ‘ecology’ of an organism he is referring to why certain organisms are more successful than others. Malcolm Gladwell is inferring that the â€Å"tallest oak in the forest is the tallest not just because it grew from the hardiest acorn†(Gladwell, 2008). It is the tallest oak in the forest because of many more reasons. Reasons that include luck and some things that cannot be controlled. For example, when discussing about oak trees, Gladwell mentions that one oak tree is the tallest because â€Å"no other tree blocked its sunlight†¦no rabbit chewed through its bark†¦ and no lumberjack cut it down before it matured†(Gladwell, 2008). Gladwell’s point of the ecology of this certain tree is that is it the most successful because of certain circumstances it was placed in. The â€Å"Matthew Effect† or also known as â€Å"accumulative advantage† is when â€Å"those who are successful are most likely to be given the kinds of special opportunities that lead to further success†(Gladwell, 2008). Malcolm Gladwell’s example of accumulative advantage is hockey players and how at a young age they achieve success. Gladwell discusses that â€Å"the professional hockey player starts out a little bit better than his peers. And that little difference leads to an opportunity that makes that difference a bit bigger†(Gladwell, 2008). An important implication of the hockey example is that the similarities in the age of the hockey players who have had success. The majority of the hockey players in Canada are born in â€Å"January, February, and March†(Gladwell, 2008). Because of the fact that these professional hockey players were born in the beginning of the year they had an advantage over those who were born later in the year. The reason why they have an advantage is because when they were young they were bigger and more matured than those who were born later in the year. Since that these hockey players were bigger than the other kids they were given the opportunity to play hockey at more of an elite level. This is a prime example of â€Å"The Matthew Effect† and it explains that ones who are successful are given more opportunities to be more successful. However, accumulative advantage and ecology both are very similar. For example, along with the accumulative advantage in the hockey player instance there is also ecology to it. As mentioned earlier, the ecology of an organism is lucky or uncontrollable circumstances that occur. For the most part, the date of birth of a person is often uncontrollable and is not often planned. Accumulative advantage and ecology as seen in this example, are often correlated with one another. In both the Matthew Effect and the ecology and an organism, people are given a better opportunity. References Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers. New York: Little,Brown and Company.

What Is TTY Mode How Does It Work on Cell Phones

What Is TTY Mode How Does It Work on Cell Phones SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A TTY (teletypewriter) is a device that helps people who are deaf, speech-impaired, or hard-of-hearing use a phone to communicate. While TTY devices were initially designed for landline phones, they are used today with both landlines and cell phones. In this article, I’ll be talking about TTY mode meaning on a cell phone and how to use it, as well as offering other, more modern options for people with hearing or speech impairments to communicate. What Is TTY Mode on a Cell Phone? A TTY device is used to communicate by people with speech and hearing impairments. A user with a speech impairment can type a message on the TTY machine and the machine will send the message through a phone line or mobile signal. For users with hearing impairments, the TTY machine will turn voice messages into text messages so the user can read them. While a TTY machine may sound a lot like text messaging, its actual functions are more seamless. TTY machines allow users to continuously communicate as part of one conversation, without receiving constant message notifications and updates like from text messages. During a TTY conversation, the messages appear immediately on the other party’s TTY screen without interruption. TTY devices can be connected to both landlines and cell phones, allowing for portable communication. Today, many cell phones have a TTY mode. What's the TTY mode meaning? Well, TTY mode allows the phone to function as a TTY device. Depending on the phone, it may have a built-in TTY software, allow you to connect the phone to an external TTY device, or both. Many phones have three different TTY modes: TTY Full, TTY VCO, and TTY HCO. TTY Full mode allows both the sender and receiver to communicate through TTY messages. TTY VCO mode is for hearing-impaired users who can send messages through voice, but need to receive messages on a TTY text display. TTY HCO mode is for users who can receive voice messages, but need to send text messages. How to Use TTY Mode on a Cell Phone You can activate TTY mode on both an Android phone and an iPhone. In this section, I’ll talk you through how to use TTY mode on both operating systems. How to Use TTY Mode on an iPhone Tap the â€Å"Settings† app. Tap â€Å"General† from the â€Å"Settings† menu. Tap â€Å"Accessibility† from the â€Å"General† menu. Select â€Å"TTY†. Select if you will use the built-in â€Å"Software TTY† or if you will attach an external device through â€Å"Hardware TTY.† Exit to the home screen. Select â€Å"Phone.† Select the person you want to call. When the call screen opens, tap the â€Å"TTY† button. Type the message you’d like to send to begin the call. If you’ve turned TTY mode on an iPhone on, you can make a call with or without the TTY mode. You can also return to the settings menu to turn TTY mode off if you no longer need it. How to Use TTY Mode on an Android Phone Select the â€Å"Applications† tab. Select the â€Å"Settings† application. Select â€Å"Call† from the â€Å"Settings† application. Select â€Å"TTY mode† from the â€Å"Call† menu. Select the desired TTY mode (TTY Off, TTY Full, TTY HCO, TTY VCO, which are three different types of TTY I discussed in the previous section). Tap back to the main menu to make a call. You can now select whether you want to make the call normally, or using the selected TTY mode. To turn TTY mode off, you simply follow the same steps and select â€Å"TTY off† from the TTY mode menu. Alternative Options for Communication for People With Speech or Hearing Impairments Today, physical TTY devices are fairly out-dated. Most people use TTY mode on their cell phones, or communicate through one of these alternative means. Text Messaging For people with speech and hearing impairments, text messaging has become one of the easiest and most effective means of communication. Text messaging is easy, built-in to every cell phone, and most tablets, and computers, and doesn’t require any extra set up. Video Calls The rise in video calling technology like Facetime, Google Hangouts, and Skype has made it easier for people with speech and hearing impairments to communicate using sign language. Today, people with these disabilities can use video conferencing technology to talk in real-time with their friends and loved ones using sign language that both parties can see. Video Relay Services Video Relay Service is a form of Telecommunications Relay Service that enables persons with hearing disabilities who use American Sign Language to communicate with voice telephone users through video equipment, rather than through typed text. Video equipment links the VRS user with a TRS operator (Called a communications assistant, or CA) so that the VRS user and the CA can see and communicate with each other in signed conversation. Because the conversation between the VRS user and the CA flows much more quickly than with a text-based TRS call, VRS has become an enormously popular form of TRS. Recap: Using TTY Mode on a Cell Phone What is TTY mode on a cell phone? TTY mode allows people with hearing and speech impairments to communicate by using text-to-voice or voice-to-text technology. Today, most cell phones are equipped with built-in TTY technology meaning that you don’t have to purchase an additional TTY device to communicate. There are also numerous other methods of communication for people with speech and hearing impairments, including text messaging, video calls, and video relay services.

Poverty and Education

Poverty and Education Free Online Research Papers A young boy gets out of bed in the morning still hungry from the night before. There wasn’t any food in the house because Daddy has been out of work for almost a year and they don’t have money to buy the basic needs. A few days ago he witnessed strangers coming into the house and taking the furniture because Mom and Dad couldn’t pay the balance on a loan. He gets dressed for school by putting on clothes that are two sizes too big for him. Today is PE and he is supposed to have gym shoes but the only shoes he has are oversized â€Å"clod hopper† boots Mom picked up somewhere for free. He knows he will be teased by his classmates for his dress and derided by his PE teacher for his boots. He is hoping there is at least some cornmeal to make mush for breakfast because he is really hungry. There isn’t. He needs speech therapy because he stutters so badly sometimes his parents cannot understand him. Teachers get frustrated with his speech and ign ore his questions. Where is the money to come from? Mom and Dad can’t buy enough food for him and the other five children much less luxuries such as doctors, dentists and speech therapists. He goes to school hungry, feet hurting, and dreading interaction with his schoolmates and teachers. He only goes to school because he is forced. The highlight of his day is lunch because he is a lunch room worker and his lunch is free. This is a real life scenario that is repeated each and everyday across the nation. Families and individuals so steeped in poverty they don’t have a place to live, food to eat or clothes to wear. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs education takes a backseat in meeting the basic survival needs of food, shelter and safety. (Boeree, 2006). These are not the only problems associated with low socio-economic status (SES) that affect a child’s learning abilities. Low SES has an effect on a child’s education from the time he/she is conceived throughout his/her life. Low SES families do not have access to sufficient health care therefore a mother will not get proper prenatal care. Low SES children suffer from other diseases and illness such as uncorrected vision, hearing problems, and other maladies, all which disrupt cognitive development (Slavin, 2006). Low SES families lack resources to help or reinforce a child’s education. They don’t go on vacations, visit museums or other activities that help middle and upper class families prepare their children for or reinforce what they learn. Many low SES families are from different ethnic backgrounds whose parents do not speak English. Also low SES parents have low educational expectations for their children and do not or do not know how to award their children for academic achievement. A set of behaviors also accompany low SES that besets education. As a child progresses through school he falls further behind in academic achievement. As this happens he/she becomes frustrated and eventually gives up on learning. Attendance becomes a problem. Truancy leads to delinquency which leads to a myriad of other problems such as drug and alcohol abuse, and teen pregnancy. If they come to class they come unprepared and or unwilling to learn. But, in my opinion, the biggest hurdle to educating at-risk children is the teacher. Many teachers have preconceived notions about low SES children and prejudge them based on those notions. Many times they focus on the student’s undesirable behavior and not on ways to help the student learn. Some lower the standards and alter their curriculum to an extreme slow pace that keeps the student forever behind. Some teachers discount or refuse to acknowledge low SES problems in their students and make no modifications to help these students (Young). With the curve balls and sliders life throws at these low SES students, how can we help them succeed not only in attaining an education but in life? First and foremost teachers must overcome there own prejudices and cease discrimination against low SES students. That takes great determination and sometimes Herculean effort on the teacher’s part. If a student perceives any type of discriminatory behavior from the teacher he/she will refuse to learn. The phrase â€Å"the teacher hates me† becomes a reality and barriers are thrown up in defense. What a waste! Teachers must foster a safe and secure classroom environment. Teasing and derision must not be allowed. A student should feel safe to raise his/her hand to answer and ask questions without fear of derision from other students or the teacher. More than likely they receive such at home. At the beginning of the year teachers need to let students know what the rules are in the classroom. The rules should be clear, concise, relevant and should not be excessive (Slavin, 2006). The rules should be accompanied by consistent reinforcers. At the very beginning of the year students need to know what the standards are for the class. These standards should be high but attainable. Teachers must not lower the standards for an individual but must work to ensure the individual meets the standards. This may require the teacher to modify his/her teaching methods or even the curriculum but never lower the standards. To ensure success the teacher must take the time and become acquainted with each and every student in the class. As the teacher becomes acquainted with the students the teacher discovers what motivates the student to become engaged in learning. Half the battle of a teacher is learning how to motivate students to learn. Part of the student’s motivation is dependent on his/her SES. Teachers should remain cognizant of this fact in their search for motivation factors and develop strategies to engage the student in learning. A very effective technique of motivating students is the Pygmalion effect (Tauber, 1998). A teacher who portrays a belief that a student can attain high standards results in the same belief in the student. The belief becomes self-prophetic and the student will meet standards. Teachers must be flexible in their teaching strategies. Teaching strategies may include constructive techniques, cooperative or collaborative teaching. For some individuals, extra time in a one-on-one situation may be necessary for the student to learn. As students learn and meet standards feedback and reinforcement are necessary to maintain classroom achievement and progress. My experience has been that many times praise in the classroom is the only praise a student receives. This too is a great motivator for many students. To help a student learn it may be necessary for the teacher to coordinate with other departments in the school or agencies in the community. If a student has a very low reading ability then coordination with the special education department is necessary to coordinate strategies to help the student. If the community has several after school programs the teacher can encourage the student to participate in those programs. If need be, the teacher should attend the first meeting to help relieve the student’s anxiety. As many tools as teachers have to help them teach they cannot do it alone. Parents/Guardians must become involved in the learning process. Teachers can involve parents through parent/teacher conferences, inviting parents into their classroom and phone calls home. Most parents receive phone calls from teachers only when their child misbehaves but a phone call telling the parent about their child’s success is a great reinforcer and reaps far more benefits. Communities need to get involved. Big Brothers and Big Sisters is a great community organization that provides tutoring to at-risk children. Teachers can encourage students to participate in the local summer reading program and the public library. This will also help prevent the â€Å"summer slide† experienced by low SES students (Slavin, 2006). Poverty is a vicious cycle without mercy. As teachers we are able to influence and change lives. Teachers cannot save all their students and many teachers become discouraged. But if they can help one person break the cycle then they have helped future generations. I am one of those. The story in the first paragraph is my story. I know what it is like to be hungry, to not know where the next meal comes from, and to share one bedroom with 5 other siblings on one bed. â€Å"At-risk† was not in a teacher’s vocabulary back then; you were â€Å"slow†, â€Å"stupid†, or â€Å"retarded†. My stuttering is almost extinct now because of a Sunday School teacher who studied public speaking in college. I was twelve years old when I was in her Sunday School class and she wanted me to give a talk. I told her no. She made a deal with me, she would teach me to give that talk without stuttering if I were to accept the assignment. She was so persistent I co uldn’t say no. She kept her word and so did I. That same year, while riding my bicycle, I discovered the public library and the Hardy Boys therein. Reading opened a whole new world to me and the library became my refuge. I will forever be grateful for all my teachers, good and bad, for the bad taught me how not to be, in and out of the classroom. Boeree, C. (2006). Abraham Maslow. Retrieved November 15, 2006, from Personality Theories Web site: http://ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html Slavin, R. (2006). Educational Psychology Theory and Practice (8th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Tauber, R. (1998). Good or Bad, What Teachers Expect from Students They Generally Get. Retrieved December 23, 2006, from eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/2a/2c/f2.pdf Young, J. (n.d.). The Examination of Low Socioeconomic Students and Effective Educational Motivational Strategies. Retrieved December 15, 2006, from http://dept.lamar.edu/lustudentjnl/Archived%20Editions_files/The%20Examination%20of%20Low%20Socioeconomic%20Students%20and%20Effectiv%E0.pdf Research Papers on Poverty and EducationStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Managing service resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Managing service resources - Essay Example Medi-Call as a firm, works with the reception of three main categories of calls from its clients. This include, emergency calls, which would be considered as the most vital of all the firms operations, as they result to having the firms agents being on the phone, for an average time of thirty minutes. This however goes further to be spread over to a greater number of calls, whereby the customer, the client’s family, or even the neighbors are at times involved in the entire calling procedure. Technical enquiries, as well as reassurance calls, are also part of the buildup that the firm consists and works with (Treas, 2010, 68). Technical calls normally come from new customers, as they are normally not certain, or rather used to the operation of the equipment in use. Technical calls last to approximately five minutes, as they are brief, and to the point. On the other hand, reassurance calls revolve around the effort of the firm. How exactly is this? Medi-Call advocates for its clients to make a call to the overall call center, with an aim to ensure that their equipment still work accordingly, and in line with what is expected of them. This particular category of calls varies in their time span, with most lasting to approximately six minutes. This is because, some of Medi-Calls clients spend a lot of time alone, and end up using this opportunity to strike long conversations on the phone, letting their bottled thoughts out (Lovelock, 2012, 82 ). Elderly institutions should not be overcrowded as this would be hard for them to have free space and disease that are contagious can be transmitted through various factors such as air that is in low supply. Competition for basic needs such as water and other needs such as towels and washrooms may not be adequate. Large numbers would cause death, as nurses may be unable to account for each elderly person on time. The high number can increase the lack of