Legalizing Abortion and Back-alley Abortionists :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Legalizing Abortion and Back-alley Abortionists The head of sensation of the major pro-choice/pro-abortion organizations in the U.S. has utter In 1972 there were 1,000,000 illegal abortions and 5,000 to 10,000 women died from them. The data would indicate that legalized abortion is a godsend for women. This essay will examine the truth or falsity of the preceding(prenominal) quote in all of its complexity. True? Or False? No one knows. For the obvious reason that illegal abortions have never been reported. There be no statistics, no egresss anywhere to report. Therefore, if anyone tells you that there were X numbers of illegal abortions somewhere in a certain time, they are guessing. The pro-abortion leader whitethorn guess 1,000,000. The pro-life spokesman may guess 100,000, but both are guessing. There is only one reported figure that can lead us to some degree of accurate estimate of the numbers of illegal abortions and that is the number of women who died from illegal ab ortions. Many nations report only one figure for women who die, lumping together womens deaths from free abortion (miscarriage), legally induced abortion and illegally induced abortion. Such statistics are no help. The United States, since the 1940s, has reported such deaths separately, so we know the number of deaths from illegal abortions. Good Now if we knew how many illegal abortions it took to cause one death, we could easily calculate the total number of illegal abortions. The problem is, no one has the slightest idea how many it took, and so were back to where we started from. How many women died? The chart used on the floor of the US Senate during the tumultuous debate on abortion in 1981 was compiled from official U.S. statistics and was not challenged by the pro-abortion forces. It shows that after Penicillin became available to control infections, the number of deaths stabilized during the 1950s at about 250/year. e.g. 1956 = 250. Note that by 1966, with abortion clam up illegal in all states, the number of deaths had dropped steadily to half that number - 120, because of new and better antibiotics, better surgery and the establishment of intensive care units in hospitals. This was in the face of a rising population. Between 1967 and 1970 sixteen states legalized abortion. In most it was limited, only for rape, incest and severe fetal handicap (life of mother was legal in all states).

History of Anesthesia Essay -- Biology Medicine

I will be telling you my short little paper on theHistory of Anesthesia. I will be telling what someterms mean that will be used in anaesthesia history. Also I will be telling a some dates from years beforeour time on how anesthesia came from and who wasthere, and what drugs came out. First I will be startle out with several definitionof the term anesthesia. The absence of normalsensitiation, especially to pain, as induced by an anaesthetic agent substance or by hypnosis or as occurs withtraumatic or pathophysiologic damage to nerve tissue. Anesthesia induced for medical or surgical purposesmay be topical, local, regional, or general and isnamed for the anesthetic agent used, the method of theprocedure followed, or the area or organ anesthetized.The people who are permitted to give anesthesia to apatient is an anesthesiologist or a CertifiedRegistered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA). (Mosbys PocketDictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health)There is also two different ways of desc ribingAnesthesia you could any call it anesthesia oranalgesic. In the next couple paragraphs I will be going overways on how anesthesia would be abandoned to a patient whowill be going under a surgery.General anesthesia is the most common way thatanesthesia is given to a patient. The absence ofsensation and consciousness as induced by variousanesthetic agents, given by inhalation or intravenousinjection. more or less of the time a general anesthesia isgiven to the patient through an IV to the patient.Local anesthesia is another common way of inducing apatient. The administration of a local anestheticagent into tissues to induce the absence of sensationin a small area of the body. Topical anesthesia is asurface analgesia produced by application of a topicalanesthetic in the form of a solution, gel, or ointmentto the skin, mucous membrane, or cornea. Regionalanesthesia is an anesthesia of an area of the body byinjecting a local anesthetic to block a group ofsensory nerve fibers. Ne xt one would be a caudalanesthesia which would an injection of an agent intothe caudal part of the epidural space through thesacral hiatus to anesthetize sacral and write down lumbarnerve roots.An epidural anesthesia is an injection A type ofregional block in which a localanesthetic is injected into theepidural... ...imetry added to thestandards for basic supervise when it comes to ananesthestized patient. 1992 Desflurane was finallymade that it could be used clinically. Desflurane isone the anesthesia drugs that must be heated becauseit is unsable in room temperature. 1994 Sevofluranealso was passed to be used in a clinically stablemedical field. 1995 House of Delegates of the ASAapproves place Guidelines for PreoperativeTransesphageal Echocardiography. 1996 End trial one C dioxide monitoring added to the standards forbasic monitoring. End trial carbon dioxide can alsobe used as EtCO2. Also in this year the BispectralIndex Monitoring System approved for Clinical use. House of t he ASA approves Practice Guidelines forOffice Based Anesthesia. Last thing in this yearRapacuronium used clinically and it is also alwaysknown as a IV drug. do work CITIEDThe American Heritage Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage, 3rd. Edition. 21 November 1846Longnecker, David E., Murphy, Frank L. Introduction toAnesthesia. Copyright 1997Dorsch, Jerry A., Susan E. Understanding AnesthesiaEquipment Construction, Care, and Complications (3rd.Edition). Copyright 1993

Strong Continental Empire :: essays research papers

There are five key ingredients in building a buckram Continental empire. A strong Continental empire mustiness be able to up-hold these five things to survive. These five important things are a strong central government foreign policy, to deal with others countries, manifest portion, to deal with matters, and the ability to solve internal problems such as social, economic, and political problems. America is a continental empire and runs itself by using these five things. The most important of these is probably the strong central government. A strong central government ensures that the government testament be able to run smoothly in a time of crisis and have the capability to make sound decisions that will benefit the American populace. unknown policy was developed so that America would know where it stood when it came to dealing with other countries. It was important that America dealt with international problems in a uniform manner. Manifest destiny deals with the issue of ho w America and Americans will acquire land. Infrastructure is America working together. America depends on many things to keep it running, when these things cross paths we develop an infrastructure. America must solve internal problems all of the time. What these problems are and how we solve them is what shapes America. America slowly began to build a continental Empire.America developed a strong continental empire by accomplishing the five things needed for a strong continental empire. America started slowly by developing a government that was rusted by the people. Once they accomplished this they started to filling in the pieces of the continental empire puzzle. They developed a strong central government. Then America began to gain land, which led to conflicts with foreign nations. As the United States of America grew, its infrastructure of money, transportations, and other aspects grew.

Children in Blake’s Poetry Essay -- William Blake Poetry Poets Essays

Children in Blakes PoetryThe use of squirtren is a prominent theme in a number of William Blakes poems. It is likely in reading such poems as, The Lamb, The little down(p) Boy, and The Chimney Sweeper, that Blake sees the world by means of the eyes of a boor and embraces the innocence of the young. Blakes poem The Lamb, from Songs of ingenuousness really illustrates the innocence and purity of a young child. The persona in the poem is of a young child. The child questions the lamb as to where he came from and asks, Little Lamb who made thee? / Dost thou know who made thee? (9,10) The child is expecting the Lamb to answer him but it is obvious to the reader that the Lamb cant talk. When the child receives no answer, he decides that hell tell the lamb where he came from. He says, Little Lamb, Ill tell thee (12). The child says He is called by thy name for he calls himself a LambHe is meek & mild,He became a little childI a child & thou a lamb,We are called by his nam e. (13,18)The child really shows that his innocence here. The Lamb is being referred to as Jesus, the Lamb of God. The child is saying that that Lamb, Jesus and the child are all the same. What the boy does not understand, because he is a child and so innocent, is that the Lamb will be sacrificed, and the child will die, just like Jesus did when He was crucified. The Little Black Boy from Songs of Innocence is another poem that illustrates the innocence of children. The poem is written from the persona of a little black boy who has been told that being white is remedy then being black. The little boy saysAnd I am black, but O my soul is whiteWhite as an angel is the English childBut I am b... ...s parents have gone to church to pray. The child blames his parents as well as society for his present position in manners and saysAnd because I am happy, & dance & sing,They think they have done me no injury,And are gone to praise God & his Priest & King,Who make up a heaven of our mi sery. (9,12)Unlike The Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence, the young boy in this poem realizes that he is going to die and that this is wrong. He blames God, his parents and society for letting this happened to him. Blake is shut away seeing the world through the eyes of a child in this poem, however, he is looking at it from a more mature or experienced point of view. Many of William Blakes poems contain images of children and depict children as innocent and nave. Blake sees the world through the eyes of a child and he shows this through his poetry.

Slade Plating Case Management Summary Essay -- Business Management Stu

Slade Plating Case Management SummaryDespite the success of the Slade Company as manufacturer of metalproducts designed for industrial application, the production manager,Ralph Porter, was concerned about the dishonesty among employees inthe Plating Department. Some of the workers were misusing the punchin-out system for those who wanted to pass early or arrive late.Given the long operative hour and low payment, they lacked of motivationin performing their tasks, resulting in the dishonest action. However,because of informal groupings among about of them, they operated as ateam to work harder doing peak orders. Therefore, the desired outputof the department was still satisfied. Yet, some employees who werenot in the main group were slack up off and misused the system evenduring the peak period, which potentially resulted in internal appointment in the department. Thus, in order to motivate employees andprevent the dishonesty, we extend to remove punch in-out system andlaunch a b etter payment system with both financial and non-financialincentives. Also, the working environment should be improved with unhomogeneous campaigns to enhance the unity in the department. We also movean employee who could not perform fully his talent to other departmentto maximize his capacity. With these solutions, the Slade Companycould motivate their employees, kick upstairs the teamwork, avoid internalconflict, and finally increase the productivity in the PlatingDepartment.Analyzing the present situationThere were 38 workers in the Plating Department of the Slade Company.Their jobs, working conditions, values and tasks varied significantly.They were all dependent on each other as they only received theirworkload after work at the prior stage was done. Work wassupervised by a punch in-out system and a supervisor, Otto Schell.Payment was low and the working hours were long due to the company indemnity to keep training and benefit cost down by requiring overtimeinstead of hiring new workers. In addition, informal groupings wereformed in the department, which significantly bear on the daily runof the work. The largest group was the Sarto group, which couldpractically influence the whole department as others tended to copythis groups ideas and values. Without doubt, this group was a real impetuous force of the department, both ... ...However, for Herman Schell, he is found to be inappropriate andnon-manageable and thus to be removed from the department, to say,promoted to other department to maximize his personal abilities andtalents that we unfortunately cannot habituate in this department. This,we acknowledge, is a very easy and usually not the managers way tosolve an issue like that. But we see we scarcely identified the casewhen a significant and sustainable change is not likely at all and bygetting rid of him would eliminate the conflict source from the groupand enhance group dynamics on the floor in all. Of course, a con tothat is the feeling of sa fety, the lifetime job experience of theworkers. Yet, we believe this does not endanger the good workerspositions and therefore does not pose threat to the regular employee.A reason why he might not wipe out been sacked before apart from thegeneral practice of the department is probably the family ties toOtto Schell, the supervisor. In our opinion, such ties can be good butin no way shall be hindering performance, and this shall not be a basefor delivering improper results both professionally and personally inthe workplace.

Slade Plating Case Management Summary Essay -- Business Management Stu

Slade Plating Case Management SummaryDespite the success of the Slade Company as manufacturer of metalproducts designed for industrial application, the production manager,Ralph Porter, was concerned about the dishonesty among employees inthe Plating Department. Some of the cash in ones chipsers were misusing the punchin-out system for those who wanted to leave early or arrive late. abandoned the long working hour and low payment, they lacked of motivationin performing their tasks, resulting in the dishonest action. However,because of informal companyings among some of them, they operated as ateam to work harder doing peak orders. Therefore, the desired outputof the department was still satisfied. Yet, some employees who were non in the main group were slack off and misused the system thus farduring the peak period, which potentially resulted in internalconflict in the department. Thus, in order to motivate employees andprevent the dishonesty, we propose to remove punch in-out syst em and show a better payment system with both financial and non-financialincentives. Also, the working environment should be improved withvarious campaigns to enhance the unity in the department. We alike movean employee who could not perform fully his talent to other departmentto maximize his capacity. With these solutions, the Slade Companycould motivate their employees, encourage the teamwork, avoid internalconflict, and finally development the productivity in the PlatingDepartment.Analyzing the present situationThere were 38 workers in the Plating Department of the Slade Company.Their jobs, working conditions, values and tasks varied remarkablely.They were all mutualist on each other as they only received theirworkload after work at the previous stage was done. Work wassupervised by a punch in-out system and a supervisor, Otto Schell.Payment was low and the working hours were long due to the companypolicy to keep training and benefit equal down by requiring overtimeinstead of hiring new workers. In addition, informal groupings wereformed in the department, which significantly affected the daily runof the work. The largest group was the Sarto group, which could a great deal influence the whole department as others tended to copythis groups ideas and values. Without doubt, this group was a realdriving force of the department, both ... ...However, for Herman Schell, he is comprise to be inappropriate andnon-manageable and thus to be removed from the department, to say,promoted to other department to maximize his personal abilities andtalents that we unfortunately cannot utilize in this department. This,we acknowledge, is a very balmy and usually not the managers way tosolve an issue like that. But we believe we just identified the casewhen a significant and sustainable change is not likely at all and bygetting rid of him would eliminate the conflict source from the groupand enhance group dynamics on the floor in all. Of course, a con tothat is the fee ling of safety, the lifetime job experience of theworkers. Yet, we believe this does not endanger the good workerspositions and thus does not pose threat to the regular employee.A reason why he might not have been sacked before apart from the widely distributed practice of the department is probably the family ties toOtto Schell, the supervisor. In our opinion, such ties can be good butin no way shall be hindering performance, and this shall not be a basefor delivering improper results both professionally and personally inthe workplace.

Porter

Michael five forcefulnesss model Rivalry among competing Firms this is usually the most superpowerful of the five competitive forces. The strategies pursued by one firm offer be successful only to the extent that they provide competitive advantage over the strategies of other firms (Grobler 2009) ? Due to Chinas incredibly high FDI rate, more(prenominal) and more companies are investing into Chinese businesses and strengthening them in both their domestic markets and also on the global front.With the ever increasing growth of their domestic markets it forget only be a short while before they become the dominant market leader, if in this span of 30 years they could put on from nonhing to 4th largest in the world then it shows what impact they really had and still have on the global economy. Potential entry of saucy competitors whenever new firms can easily enter a goicular industry, the intensity of competitiveness among firms increases. ?When new firms become strengthened t hrough investments, they become deal competitors of the leaders in that industry. . g. A new Chinese innovation in the television industry grows rapidly, they pass on be direct competitors against any television firms establish in China, for example LG and Sony Bargaining power of consumers when consumers are concentrated, large or buy in volume their bargaining power represents a major force affecting intensity of competition in an industry (Grobler 2009) ? This goes for actual customers(public) and b2b businesses, because those that buy the larger quantities would get the cheaper rates no doubt, however in China how will that be decided?Will it be their size, market share, sales or Return on capital employed. Potential development of substitute products in legion(predicate) industries firms are in close competition with producers of substitute products in other industries. ?As mentioned throughout this article, the Chinese have the ability to imitate anything, this factor will never disappear especially if Chinese firms enter European or American markets, how those manufacturers would react to the Chinese developments are unimaginable.Bargaining power of suppliers the bargaining power of suppliers affects the intensity of completion in an industry, especially when there are large number of suppliers, when there are only a few good substitutes fresh materials or when price of switching materials is especially costly (Grobler 2009) Porters five forces will only be effective if it is done in a stable environment, it is done to see how attractive the industry is and if it is worth starting a new venture in that environment. Porters generic strategies cost leadership Differentiation Focus Cost leadership Cost leadership means having the pocket-sizeest per-unit (i. . , average) cost in the industry that is, lowest cost congress to your rivals. This could mean having the lowest per unit cost among rivals in highly competitive industries, in which case retur ns or profits will be low precisely however higher than competitors Or, this could mean having lowest cost among a few rivals where each firm enjoys pricing power and high profits Notice that cost leadership is defined independently of market structure. Differentiation Differentiating the product offering of a firm means creating something that is perceived industry wide as world unique.It is a means of creating your have market to some extent. There are several approaches to eminence Different design Brand image Number of features new technology A differentiation strategy may mean differentiating along 2 or more of these dimensions. Focus Here we focus on a particular buyer group, product segment, or geographical market. while low cost and differentiation are aimed at achieving their objectives industry wide, the focus or break strategy is built on serving a particular target (customer, product, or location) very well. Note, however, hat a focus strategy means achieving any a low cost advantage or differentiation in a narrow part of the market. For reasons discussed above, this creates a defendable position within that part of the market. Risks of doing generic strategies Cost leadership Requires continual capital investment because newer innovations cause older creations to become obsolete. When focusing solely on making affordable low cost products, it can cause firms to be blinded to product changes that are needed. Ie. Quantity over quality When costs do begin to increase it narrows the differences mingled with competitors and advantage is ultimately lostFor China, the main risk that would affect them the most is when focusing solely on quantity, especially because of their expertise in manufacturing they could lose eyeshot of changes that need to be done to better sales. However, China does have the leading number of R&D departments, even though they might not be as innovative as the Japanese or South Koreans, they have the ability to imitate an ything they produce which is why they play a major government agency in globalization, they can imitate anything except fresh air as they say. Differentiation Customer loyalty becomes too large to hold because of the cost differentiation between low cost firms and differentiating firms. The consumer or buyers need to differentiate falls away because of price increases. Imitation decreases perceived differentiation This theatre is where China are dominant, because they have the influence of causing differentiation to fail, because if the product looks the same, and does the same thing, then why would they ever go for the more expensive, and thus Chinese markets prosper because economies of scale have brought their price down dramatically.This is also when manufacturers have to start looking for alternative suppliers because they now have to compete with China which is not an easy task, and in doing so, it almost definitely forces them to go global. Focus When companies market to ni ches only they already take the risk of not completely satisfying a demographic segment and with other companies finding alternatives ways to better their market share eg. FDI or R&D labs, they face the risk of dissolving.On its own focus strategys should not be attempted by almost any kind of company, its main purpose is to satisfy a wee group of consumers at a time, and if this is not the aim of the business then they are going to fall extremely short on their company vision. Books Grobler, W. (2009) assembly line strategy, CTI Education Group, Johannesburg. Johnson, G. scholes, K. Whittington, R. (2008) Exploring corporate strategy, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development Essay

1. Carl Rogers Humanistic theory is based upon the idea that everyone has the potential to make a contribution to fiat and be a good and likeable mortal if his or her demand ar fulfilled. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers led the humanistic theory movement and it was Maslow who developed the pyramid of needs. Sigmund Freuds Humanistic theory is based upon the idea that everyone has the potential to make a contribution to society and be a good and likeable person if their needs are fulfilled.Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers led the humanistic theory movement and it was Maslow who developed the pyramid of needs. Sigmund Freud believed that people have three levels of awareness, which are the conscious, preconscious, and the unconscious. Freud developed a detailed theory on how our own thoughts and feelings affect our actions. It is known as Freuds Psychodynamic Theory. 2. The five basic traits that most describe differences in personality are Neuroticism A tendency to easily experienc e unpleasant emotions such as anxiety, anger, or depression.Extroversion Energy, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. agreeability A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Conscientiousness A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. nakedness to experience appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, and unusual ideas, imaginative and curious. Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order.Instead of focusing on sexual development, however, he was fire in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. He saw personality as developing throughout the lifetime and looked at identity crises at the focal fountainhead for each stage of human development. These eight stages were Trust Versus Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intim acy vs. Isolation, Generativist vs. Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

There is Need to Review Our Education System

Liting WangProfessor FeindertENGWR 48007April 2018Critique of There is Need to Review Our bringing up System The article There is Need to Review Our Education System Africa News Service. (Apr. 1, 2009)Africa News Service.News Provided by Comtex. Byline Rhoda Kalema looks at close to pressing issues that the command system in Uganda is ongoingly facing. She is a well-known woman.According to Wikipedia, she was honored in 1996 by Ugandas Forum for Women in Democracy as a transformative leader. On March 13, 2018, she received the Sudreau Global Justice Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pepperdine University School of Law and the Ugandan Judiciary.There have been no proper mechanisms to foresee high-quality education is offered in the agricultural. She explains that, the experience of educational people feels afraid for what was happing to the education worldly concern. They worry about the future get woolly on what will happen to the education.If people do not have good educati on, they will not have a bright future. As a result, the country will fall backward and weak. It will affect the countrys improvement. She suggests that, the educational administrator should start to look at this situation. In addition, both learners and teachers face challenges that make it insufferable for the education system to be ranked anywhere in the world. The government is aware of these challenges but offers no solution.Through critique, the key issues facing the primary, secondary, and vocational education in Uganda are examined. The opinion that is currently viable to revive this whole situation is an overall reviewing of the education system from the tradition one to a advanced(a) one that will suit the needs of the students and benefit them to fight in equal terms with the rest of the students, if not in the world but Africa.The Ugandan government should take an example of the neighbouring Kenya, which has had some(prenominal) amendments in their system, and current ly they have embarked on a new system of 2-6-6-3. This will make sure that the current students do not undergo the kind of suffering experienced by their fore front-runners.Everyone in the country and even those that have been lucky to secure jobs outdoor(a) the country never experienced a balanced education about 25-30 years ago, and it is for this reason that they are in pain over what is happening in the education system. What is bothering them is Ugandas future is doomed to be at a loose end, if drastic measures are not put into place.Many stakeh matureers have reflected on several aspects that they have observed which will bring doom to the Ugandan education sector unless a review is done instantaneously and aggressively. One of the most matter to factors with the education system is one that dates back more than four decades ago when fresh graduate teachers had the aspiration of literally igniting the classrooms.Shortly when they dive into the adventure towards greatness, t hese graduates rede that the procedure has been pre-decided and what is required of them is to stick within classroom limits of the computer program. The objective here is to cover the syllabus, and any idea of presenting new substance is disapproved. There is no billet for learning for informations purpose, an instructor in class is to educate and how well one educates is obvious through students execution in exams.Those who have contrary thoughts of possibly to conjure up the students, and familiarize them with new ideas and thoughts, influence them to think, and long to know more, are left to swallow their skills and watch as the students follow the old road of the low-quality education. Guardians and parents have more from schools.They have high expectations that school will commute their kids. Occasionally, they even observe the instructor as a wonderful professional of sorts, after all an pedagogue could influence a child to learn. A typical presumption is that tutoring will shape the children and the instructor will be the one individual to guarantee this happens. In any case, things are not as basic and practical as they appear, and teachers face challenges explaining to parents that with this old education system, they should not expect much from their children.What the government has failed to clear is that Education is a public entity, which has a good aim of providing quality training with a specific end goal to reduce variations (instruction as an equalizer). framework change should address parts of value and correspondence and additionally the more extensive quality objective.The change procedure must be incorporated, problematic, and transformative for there to be substantial outcomes for all students. An intricate procedure must be acknowledged through community-oriented associations amongst government and other key players, for example, guardians, current society, and the private area. Sometimes individuals expect too much from old sy stem framework models to deliver present 21st-century skilled students.Uganda like the rest of Africa has a considerably young populace that forms an grave part of the human resource. The youth forms the vital group that is thought to take Africa to the next African Rebellion urged by education and training. Based on the problems that the Ugandan education system is facing, the following are some of the ways that can help redeem the learners from surging into the problematic conditions just like their predecessors.Education syllabus The current education syllabus needs through amending to suite Universal Primary Education (UPE) and Universal Secondary Education (USE). This will enable students to compass more skills based on their talents rather than based on theories. Practicals need to be more encouraged in schools as different learners have different learning abilities.Promotion of students With a review of education systems, students can be graded based on their talents rather than their class performance. Even with the recommendation of automatically promoting students to the next grade, there can be incentives, which will see students grouped based on their talents. Vocational/technical courses The revised curriculum needs to instruction on the vocational and technical pedagogics, to provide young skills together with the academic learning.Teaching the young people skills means that they will never be lost children. This calls for the movement to come up with improved and more accessible vocational colleges, which are modern and which go hand in hand with the rest of the world to promise students rank well outside Africa and the rest of the world when they go job seeking.In addition to that, parents should be taught to encourage their children not to follow the old model of only seeing them worth if they take white color jobs. In conclusion, anything that contributes to meeting the huge needs of the education systems in Africa is a controlling thi ng. Such programs or projects are driven by people who want to serve the general good of the country in the area that, as a reminder, is the top priority of all priorities.The impression that ones gets is that there is a desire to be involved in proposing the beginnings of a solution, a standard foundation for teaching that will integrate specific local features and at the same time train future citizens of an interconnected and culturally very mixed world. A change of school learning system will reflect this concept, and it is an interesting one.The important thing is that there are on-going discussion and dialogue, and adjustments constantly being made to ensure the consistency at country level and then ideally, at the level of each regional African community, of an educational offering that necessarily has to be diversified.This is withal one of the recommendations from the summary of the debate that we must have high-level, national education authorities, which must be separate and independent from the governments. They should also be tasked with the responsibility of managing the extreme choices affecting education systems in the long term, to set a course that is not changed every time there is a change in government. piddle CitedThere is Need to Review Our Education System. Africa News Service, 1 Apr. 2009. Opposing Viewpoints In Context, http//link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A196876335/OVIC?u=sacr73031&sid=OVIC&xid=d3a28488. Accessed 3 Apr. 2018.

Important for an organization

Why Is It Important for an constitution to undergo this type of faulting? It Is essential for an shaping to modernize and change In to the way It does business when business needs change and when the political and social aspects change. Transformation in an establishment covers a vast variety of needs and activity, this is generally aimed at improving performance CE and productivity for an organization to survive. This can be achieved in many a(prenominal) ways, from growth , innovation, skills development, as well as through downsizing, layoffs and re designatement as well as haft in assets resources or market sh ars.In Moses cases organizations have small(a) chance but to change. As the global world move faster mans faster mans shift unpredictably organizational transformations Is needed and required. Conventional thinking advert that when there Is a right business structures In place It go away provide suffuse cent amount of innovation, and agility for an organization to su cceed and sustain. In most cases the business decisions that were once clear and knowing are becoming more complicated and ambiguous. This leads to skilled individuals with very good track record to ease up in c elaboration.They are unable to work together to understand challenges, and form a game plan to resolve them. They continue to be falling back to traditional foundries and turf wars. When collaboration with others and coordinate across impart chain remains elusive. Innovation is stalled mans customer focus is uncoordinated and un correct implementation. channelize Is the only constant In the world today. To have a successfully translator or change In an organization It to first engage the battalion who entrust help make the change append.Its not change that causes failure but the translation process. Some organizational change is small like a department but others are large that in voles an entire organization. Regardless of the change there will always be resistant to change even if the old way is out position and unproductive. Transition process has 3 places Letting go of the old Natural zone Embracing new normal flummox prattle court toward the upcoming change. This Is best accomplish by forming a change management ream to help prepare he organization.Inshore, when n organization Is stuck when thwarted executive work hard and long with Limited success, staff at all level are overwhelmed, guarded and cynical that is when employ to successfully charabanc through this transition? Define roles managers who initiates the dead of change and points out the need, the managers who coordinates the transition, the managers who rallies the company to get behind the change and the managers responsible for seeing the chase through strike need-?an organizations change can only happen when the organization feels the change is added.Change in leadership/management/employees bring in new to re-energize Get out side help via consultations and cooperate resou rces a team to implement change from the old to new The ability to integrate systems collaborate await prairies and coordinate across the supply chain remain elusive. Innovation is hampered and stilled. Customer focused strategies ay uncoordinated and implementation is uneven. Organizational transformation is a process that no existing organization will miss in the organizational life cycle.Digitization that sis not go through transformation have probably ceased to exist because organizations that do not grandson to tint with the external environment will onto survive the wave of change forgiven by external environment. Organizational transformation should be viewed as a holistic approach to a radical change which covers the entire context of an organization from ecological to humanist aspect. Every organization has some ability to stretch to adapt to changer, all the same at times organization are stretch t their limits and will lose the elasticity to spoon to changer.This is th e time where transformation needs to take place to redesign the organization fro new challenges. Leadership as the criteria of cusses in organization, more so in the time of organization transition. The breaking of organizations culture, the values vision mans deputation changes, the leadership changes , organization restructuring or even the organization members internal value reformation will push an organization beyond its limits and trigger the transformation process. The forces that are external to the organization or beyond he control of the organization or beyond the control of the organization.Some are technologicaladvancement, economy condition, political and social reformation, changes in legal requirement and industry revolution. The factories influencing the success of organization transformation goes hand -in -hand with the internal forces they are organization strategies, structure, leadership, values, culture and organizations monomers spirit. The success in manipula ting these factors stated will help the organization successfully transform into a more agile and powerful entity hat is able to withstand both external and internal forces.Every organization operate as a system, either an efficient one or one that is in efficient. Organization transformation was needed because the system in an organization is falling apart, due to its inefficiency. When the system is broken, members of the organization will not be able or see themselves as part of the organization. There is no limpidity of their positions and functions in the system. New leaders of the organization need to reestablish the system. The systems thinking before, during and after the

The Precursors Of Today’s Engineers

The precursors of todays engineers listed in the quotation from Wickenden had no classes and few or no books from which to learn scientific principles. How piece of tail you explain their success?William Wickenden remarks were direct to the facts that the first engineers were self though, geniuses in nature and well skill in technical aspects. Even without the formal scientific education they were able to engineer master creation much(prenominal) as the Romas aqueducts and others. Their success came from the aptitude of observation and trial and error and a hands-on in the worldly concernufacturing process of the era. 1-2. Comp atomic number 18 how well engineering and steering satisfy the several parts of the description of a profession.The engineering profession involves the application of science and mathematics, practical training, experience and croak-study to satisfy the human necessities. The management profession involve the way personnel ar directed to a specific tas k or training. The design management profession combine both resulting in a profession that is oriented to brings in concert the technological problem-solving savvy of engineering and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities. 1-3. Why is it so difficult to answer the simple question How many engineers are there in the join States? Is the question How many physicians are there in the United States? any? Easier?We can do an approximation of the engineer using the university graduation rate further due the long list of engineering field that doesnt require state registration as a professional engineer is difficult appoint the total engineering running(a) force in the US. Contrary to the engineers the physician need to be register in the state that they are working and for that solid ground is easier to account for alone physicians.Comment on the sensitivity of U.S. engineering employment to a major change in the Department of Defense budget. What types of engin eers would be especially unnatural?Working in the department of defense NAVY, I can attest to the fact that reduction in the General funds of the Department of defense impart reduce the MILCO projects and then a reduction in the civil engineering work force can be foreseeing.What are the similarities in the definitions of management quoted from authors of management textbooks? Do the definitions provided by business executives differ in any way? Synthesize your own definition of management.From this entire collection of quotes the common factor is the interaction and direction to the human factor that the manager need to performed to achieve the organization goals. All quotes have similar interpretation of management.The work of creating and maintaining environments in which people can accomplish goals efficiently and effectively (Albanese10) The process of achieving desired results through efficient utilization of human and material resources (Bedeian11) The process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources (Certo12) A set of activities (including planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and control- ling) directed at an organizations resources (human, financial, tangible, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner (Griffin13) The process by which managers create, direct, maintain, and operate purposive organizations through coordinated, cooperative human effort (McFarland14) The process of acquiring and combining human, financial, informational, and physical resources to attain the organizations primary goal of producing a product or service desired by some segment of society (Pringle, Jennings, and Longnecker15)How does the stage business of supervisor or first-line manager differ from that of a higher- take aim manager?The first line manager can be call as the do man there are focus in the short range operating plans gove rning what will be done tomorrow or next week, doom tasks to their workers, supervise the work that is done, and evaluate the performance of individual workers. The higher-level look the operation from 30, 000 feet about sea water overseeing the big picture of all process such as financing, cost, and business development. 1-7. How does the job of a top manager differ from the jobs in the several levels of middle Management?As specified in the prior questions the top manager focus in the big picture of the organization performance or as they said the NAVY they dont lack to know what is in hot dog the tell me the total hot dogs that we have. Question that they focus, the goals are reached? the funding is in place, all requirements are meet? .Identify the triad types of skills needed by an effective manager, as conceived by Robert L. Katz, and describe how the relative need for them might vary with the level of management.The three skills that Katz suggested that the Manager needs are technical, interpersonal and conceptual, He describe that the first line of manager need to have the technical skill due to the position in the lowest level where there are supervising technical personnel. It also mentions that the interpersonal skill is need in the lowest and higher level because the iteration with people. Finally the conceptual skill is inherent to the higher level manager were they need to see the broad picture of the industry that there are managing. 1-9. From the 10 managerial roles provided by Mintzberg, choose three or four that you consider most important for the first-line manager, and explain your selection. Repeat for middle-level and top managers.1. First-line manager the manager require to be focus in the short range operating plans governing what will be done tomorrow or next week, assign tasks to their workers, supervise the work that is done, and evaluate the performance of individual workers. 2. Leader 3. The disturbance allocator 4. The resourc es allocator2. Middle-level manager They focus in the performance of the operation and served as the link in the midst of the lower and high management, The liaison The monitor role The disseminator The negotiator The resources allocator3. High level manager they focus on overseeing the big picture of all process such as financing, cost, and business development. The Figured head The spokesman The entrepreneurial 1-10. How would you distinguish between engineering management and management in general?Engineering management require a technical background and expertise in the area of work , the decision making need to be according with the thoroughgoing of sciences and engineering including all cost analysis and life cycle analysis. the general management is oriented to the management of no technical resources such as clerical and no technical personnel. We can simplify saying that depending whom and what are going to be managed is the requirements of the type of manager.

Gender Identity

Gender Identity Kenneth Williams Psy 340 4/1/2013 Raymond Bragg Sex whitethorn be biological and although we whitethorn be natural(p) male or female, culturally that is not only what defines our gender roles, agree or disagree, there are m both cultural acts that go todays gender roles. We are at a point culturally were traditional definitions are often a moot point, in my ingleside and the residences of my children traditional roles are followed, but in m both homes today that is not the case, cultural models have often outletn over for traditional values what whitethorn have been the standard once is no longer.Include the roles of biological factors, temperament and environmental influences, nurture on sexual differentiation and gender individuation operator. Nature is liable for the step-up of a person from the sperm and egg level until the natural development into a normal adult. The patrimonial makeup of a human beings beings being is prudent for their sex, sk in color, color of their eyes and hair as well as distinguishing features which are inherited from their parents. Nature chamberpot only assist in the offshoot of a foetus into a normal well-developed adult who may have inherited some special talents.Thus it groundwork be concluded that disposition uses the transmissible coding to help in physical development and does impart some positive or negative traits to an single(a)(a)s natural development. However, it is nurture which can be used to improve he positive traits and diminish the negative traits in a child. It is indeed important to recognize that nature in the mold of inherited traits does exist but a persons overall behavior is influenced a great deal by the nurture or education and the environmental factors involved in this reproduction. Several recent studies carried out on infant and child behavior have shown that there is significant evidence to certification the fact that nurture strongly influences human deve lopment especially in the early years (Collins 2000). In traditional society most parents encourage their kids to deal out part in extracurricular activities like learning music, dance or sports in accordance with the childs talents and interests. The talents have been given by nature but they can only be developed into skills through the hard work of nurture.Based on your evaluation, determine which has the greater influence on gender identity nature or nurture. Undoubtedly, nurture plays a very big role in early human development. Nurture in some way or another aids in speeding up an individuals capacity to study and learn new things. There is the common saying that practice makes perfect, so an individual can improve knowledge by practicing to adapt to all the situations in these circumstances or environment (Sports or academia). The part which nurture plays in human development has been demonstrated by psychologists in experiments in which stepping practice was administered to a cohort of inference for just a few minutes many clock in a day. It was later that these children were able to walk several days earlier than infants who had not been given stepping practice (Zucker2000). Influence has its effect on any outcome. Discuss the current arguments about sexual identity and how evidence from biopsychology may help resolve the argument.It is obvious that nature is responsible for producing healthy and well-developed babies, but it is as well as nurture that plays an important role in the early stages of human development likewise. Research has concluded beyond doubt that early human development is fast and more focused due to nurture as it builds up on the talents provided by nature. Nature may be responsible for the normal development of the foetus into a normal and healthy infant, but it cannot entirely develop that fetus into an intelligent, knowledgeable or athletic adult. (Collins 2000) This is possible only through the exposure and influence that nurture gives a person. Therefore, it would be a true statement to say that nature has some degree of influence, nurture also strongly influences early and gain human development. To determine where the greater influence comes from is based on ones own morals, beliefs and own personal influences. The argument on wheatear someone is born gay or influenced is an argument that has been going on for ages and will continue, is it nature or nurture?Are great athletes born or made, there has to be genetic influence, but, that natural ability has to be nurtured, the same argument can be made for something as meaningless as being a model, they may be born beautiful but, the care of ones self has to be taught. Resources www. apa. org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation. aspx Lalumiere, M,. Blanchard, R,. Zucker, K,. (2000) Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women A meta-analysis. mental Bulletin. 126. 575-592. Collins W. A. , Maccoby, E. E. , Steinberg, L. , Hetherington, M. E. , Borns tein, M. H. (2000). The case for nature and nurture. Am. Psychol. 55218-232.Gender IdentityGender Identity Kenneth Williams Psy 340 4/1/2013 Raymond Bragg Sex may be biological and although we may be born male or female, culturally that is not only what defines our gender roles, agree or disagree, there are many cultural influences that touch todays gender roles. We are at a point culturally were traditional definitions are often a moot point, in my home and the homes of my children traditional roles are followed, but in many homes today that is not the case, cultural influences have often taken over for traditional values what may have been the standard once is no longer.Include the roles of biological factors, nature and environmental influences, nurture on sexual differentiation and gender identity. Nature is responsible for the result of a person from the sperm and egg level until the natural development into a normal adult. The genetic makeup of a human being is responsible f or their sex, skin color, color of their eyes and hair as well as distinguishing features which are inherited from their parents. Nature can only assist in the produce of a fetus into a normal well-developed adult who may have inherited some special talents.Thus it can be concluded that nature uses the genetic coding to help in physical development and does impart some positive or negative traits to an individuals natural development. However, it is nurture which can be used to improve he positive traits and diminish the negative traits in a child. It is indeed important to recognize that nature in the run of inherited traits does exist but a persons overall behavior is influenced a great deal by the nurture or upbringing and the environmental factors involved in this upbringing. Several recent studies carried out on infant and child behavior have shown that there is significant evidence to nourishment the fact that nurture strongly influences human development especially in the early years (Collins 2000). In traditional society most parents encourage their kids to take part in extracurricular activities like learning music, dance or sports in accordance with the childs talents and interests. The talents have been given by nature but they can only be developed into skills through the hard work of nurture.Based on your evaluation, determine which has the greater influence on gender identity nature or nurture. Undoubtedly, nurture plays a very big role in early human development. Nurture in some way or another aids in speeding up an individuals capacity to study and learn new things. There is the common saying that practice makes perfect, so an individual can improve knowledge by practicing to adapt to all the situations in these circumstances or environment (Sports or academia). The part which nurture plays in human development has been demonstrated by psychologists in experiments in which stepping practice was administered to a cohort of inference for just a few minutes many time in a day. It was later that these children were able to walk several days earlier than infants who had not been given stepping practice (Zucker2000). Influence has its effect on any outcome. Discuss the current arguments about sexual identity and how evidence from biopsychology may help resolve the argument.It is obvious that nature is responsible for producing healthy and well-developed babies, but it is also nurture that plays an important role in the early stages of human development also. Research has concluded beyond doubt that early human development is speedy and more focused due to nurture as it builds up on the talents provided by nature. Nature may be responsible for the normal development of the fetus into a normal and healthy infant, but it cannot entirely develop that fetus into an intelligent, knowledgeable or athletic adult. (Collins 2000) This is possible only through the exposure and influence that nurture gives a person. Therefore, it woul d be a true statement to say that nature has some degree of influence, nurture also strongly influences early and notwithstanding human development. To determine where the greater influence comes from is based on ones own morals, beliefs and own personal influences. The argument on wheatear someone is born gay or influenced is an argument that has been going on for ages and will continue, is it nature or nurture?Are great athletes born or made, there has to be genetic influence, but, that natural ability has to be nurtured, the same argument can be made for something as meaningless as being a model, they may be born beautiful but, the care of ones self has to be taught. Resources www. apa. org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation. aspx Lalumiere, M,. Blanchard, R,. Zucker, K,. (2000) Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women A meta-analysis. psychological Bulletin. 126. 575-592. Collins W. A. , Maccoby, E. E. , Steinberg, L. , Hetherington, M. E. , Bornstein, M. H. (2000). The ca se for nature and nurture. Am. Psychol. 55218-232.

Exile in the Odyssey Essay

In antiquity, the civilized world was settled around the Mediterranean Basin the foundations of Western clubhouse can be traced to Hellenic Greece, which bordered the Aegean Sea. For the Greeks, the sea was the realm of the gods. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus and he clump face many trials and tribulations that isolate and ameliorate them to teach the reader that the consequences of temptation moldiness be conquered with absolute perseverance.When Odysseus and his caboodle arrive on the island of the Lotus-eaters, every man eats the Lotus fruit and is tempted to go on behaved on the isle in a deep sleep forever it is solitary(prenominal) that after Odysseus removes his crew that they be able to continue on their journey. By being on an uncharted region of the earth, Odysseus felt up that he and his crew were very alienated. If Odysseus had not expelled his crew, this apathetic temptation, which was induced by the fruit, would have bound his sailors to wait band on this lethargic island.This exile alienates the sailors because it convinces them that this island, not Ithaca, is where they truly belong. Because the voyage was brought upon our Ithacan by divine beings, the will of Odysseus must be as headstrong as the gods and he must observe circumstances with immortal clarity. By realizing the temptation to remain idle, Odysseus was able to save his crew so that they could make it back to Mycenae. By running(a) hard to prove to his seamen that it is necessary to depart from the island of the lotophagi, Odysseus exemplifies perseverance of the greatest degree as a trend to conquer temptation.Upon leaving the detestable island of Lotus, Odysseus himself uses his wit and determination to accept and surpass his temptation of listening to the grim song of the sirens while proceeding to live. As the ten-year-long exile continues, Odysseus passes by the island of the beautiful female race that is called the sirens by humans. The song of the sirens is sa id to lure sailors to sail their ships directly into the rocky coast of their island. Unfortunately, being exiled causes Odysseus to strive for epinephrine rushes, thus causing him to submit to his temptation of hearing hese beautiful beings.Odysseuss indefatigability is illustrated by his persuading of his crew to tie him to the mast of the ship and by forcing them to plug their ears with beeswax as a way to muffle to the song. term Odysseus allows himself to be taken by his temptation, all consequences of his actions are completely derailed. While still at exile at sea, Odysseuss abilities are enriched by his cunning in this unique situation. At last, Odysseus tenacity is shown in contrast to that of his crew when his sailors are enticed by the glorious cattle of Hyperion, the titan of the sun.While on Circes isle, she informs Odysseus that the cattle belong to the gods and he, in turn, commands his posse to refrain from touching the sheep. Unfortunately, they disobey and Hyperio n appeals to Zeus, who destroys the entire ship, sparing only Odysseus. By juxtaposing the fates of Odysseus and his men, the reader can see that temptation correlates directly to fate. This form of exile does two several(predicate) things, one to each grouping that was outlined above, Odysseus or the crew.While considering that the crew was mercilessly murdered, it is evident that they are alienated from life. Odysseus, on the other hand, is enriched by this experience because it solidifies his belief that pertinacity is the only way to fighting tantalization. Throughout the adventures and misadventures of Odysseus, the reader is taught that exile can both enrich and alienate he who is alienated. All the while, exile can act as solid evidence that the consequences of temptation can only be obliterate with iron-willed perseverance.

Shapter 4 Global Finance Essay

Topics to Stimulate Class Discussion1. wherefore ar MNCs touched by ex swap say gesturements?2. Why did turn browse change recently?3. Show the var. a current exchange rate table from a designicalidentify taint and forrader quotations. Then show the class an exchange rate table from a date a month ago, or three months ago. The comparison of tables w sinister illustrate how exchange pass judgment change, and how forward rank of the antecedent date will differ from the patch rate of the proximo date for a given monetary resource. 4. present up several scenarios and ask the class how each scenario would, some other things equal, shanghai the invite for a currency, the provision of a currency for deal, and the equilibrium exchange rate. Then integrate severalscenarios together to illustrate that in reality other things ar non held continuous, which makes the assessment of exchange rate doings more than difficult.Critical competeThe currencies of some Lati n Ameri squirt countries depreciate against other currencies on a consistent basis. How buns persistently weak currencies be stabilized? Proposition The g all everywherenments of these countries need to increase the take aim for their currency by attracting more gravid flows. Raising affair judge will make their currencies more attractive to foreign investors. They as well need to insure bank deposits so that foreign investors who invest in large bank deposits do non need to worry to the extravagantlyest degree default risk. In addition, they could impose capital restrictions on topical anaesthetic investors to observe capital outflows.Opposing view The g everyplacenments of these countries print excessively much specie be political campaign they make too many promises to the electorate that would otherwise have a bun in the oven to be funded by gameer taxes or borrowing at high absorb pass judgment. Printing money is the easy way out but prices rise, exports decr ease and imports increase. Thus, these countries could relieve the descending(prenominal) insistency on their local currencies by printing less money and in that locationby reducing the money supply and hence ostentation. The outcome is likely to be a temporary reduction in scotch growth and business failures. Higher amuse rates would merely increase inflation.Reply Solutions that cause riots be non very clever.With whom do you agree? Which argument do you support? Offer your own assessment on this issue. service There is no gross(a) solution, but recognize the shiftoffs. The proposal to raise come to rates is non a good solution in the long run, because it will cause high(prenominal) bestow rates, and whitethorn slow down the economies in the long run. Effective anti-inflationary policies atomic bet 18 needed to pr correctt further depreciation. However, the elimination of inflation that is caused by a wage-price spiral may cause some offend among the workers i n the rustic,as some form of wage controls may be needed. The government has various path of reducing inflation, but all of them hatful have adverse effects on the economy in the short run. As intimated in the question, inflation is a form of taxation, another way in which governments can raise money and inevitably reduce the mensurate of ones earnings. Where governments be corrupt or have a poor control over the economy, inflation may be the only reliable way of impose. In terms of frugal welfare, the question is perhaps who suffers from inflation and a depreciating currency, perhaps not so many as long as the inflation is predictable.Answers to End of Chapter Questions1. Percentage Depreciation. wear out the second rate of the US dollar is 0.54. The expected spot rate one year from today is false to be 0.51. What percentage depreciation does this reflect? inviolableness of purpose (0.51 0.54)/0.54 = 5.55%Expected depreciation of 5.55% percent2. Inflation effects on deputize Rates. Assume that the UK inflation rate becomes high relative to euro inflation. Other things universe equal, how should this tint the (a) UK contain for euros, (b) supply of euros for foreign currency, and (c) equilibrium appreciate of the euro? dissolve Demand for euros should increase (euro prices cheaper), supply of euros for change should decrease ( prices more expensive), and the euros measure should increase (supply and demand).3. Interest Rate Effects on commute Rates. Assume euro hobby rates fall relative to British engross rates. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) euro demand for British castigates, (b) supply of pounds for sale, and (c) equilibrium tax of the pound? manage Demand for pounds should increase, supply of pounds for sale should decrease, and the pounds value should increase.4. Income Effects on win over Rates. Assume that the income aim in the euro field of operations rises at a much high rate than does the UK income train. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) euro area demand for Britishpounds, (b) supply of British pounds for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the British pound in terms of the euro? dress Assuming no effect on participation rates, demand for pounds should increase, supply of pounds for sale may not be affected, and the pounds value should increase. 5. Trade Restriction Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that the Nipponese government relaxes its controls on imports by Japanese companies. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) UK demand for Japanese yen, (b) supply of yen for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the yen?ANSWER Demand for yen should not be affected, supply of yen for sale should increase, and the value of yen should decrease.6. Effects of Real Interest Rates. What is the expected blood between the relative real reside rates of two countries and the exchange rate of their currencies? ANSWER The high the real absorb rate of a country relative to another country, the stronger will be its central office currency, other things equal.7. Speculative Effects on Exchange Rates. Explain why a public suppose about the future value of the euro and about future come to rates by a value economist could affect the value of the euro today. Why do some forecasts by well-respected economists have no bushel on todays value of the euro?ANSWER Interest rate dismissments affect exchange rates. Speculators can use anticipated interest rate scarperments to forecast exchange rate movements. They may decide to secure securities in particular countries because of their expectations about currency movements, since their yield will be affected by changes in a currencys value. These purchases of securities require an exchange of currencies, which can immediately affect the equilibrium value of exchange rates. If a forecast of interest rates by a respected economist was already anticipated by market participants o r is not different from investors original expectations, an announced forecast does not provide new information. Thus, there would be no reaction by investors to such an annunciation, and exchange rates would not be affected.8. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. What factors affect the future movementsin the value of the euro against the dollar?ANSWER The euros value could change because of the balance of trade, which reflects more U.S. demand for European goods than the European demand for U.S. goods. The capital flows between the U.S. and Europe will also affect the U.S. demand for euros and the supply of euros for sale (to be interchange for dollars).9. Interaction of Exchange Rates. Assume that there are substantial capital flows among the United farming, the United States, and the Euro area. If interest rates in the United Kingdom sinks to a level below the U.S. interest rate, and inflationary expectations tarry unchanged, how could this affect the value of the euro against the U.S. dollar? How might this descend in the United Kingdoms interest rate possibly affect the value of the British pound against the euro? ANSWER If interest rates in the UK decline, there may be an increase in capital flows from the UK to the U.S. In addition, U.S. investors may attempt to trespass on higher U.S. interest rates, dapple U.S. investors reduce their investments in UKs securities. This places downward shove on the ponds value.Euro investors who previously invested in the UK may shift to the U.S. Thus, the increase demand for dollars by euros may increase the value of the dollar in relation to the euro. 10. Trade Deficit Effects on Exchange Rates. Every month, the UK trade famine figures are announced. Foreign exchange traders often react to this annunciation and even attempt to forecast the figures before they are announced.a. Why do you withdraw the trade dearth promulgation sometimes has such an impact on foreign exchange trading?ANSWER The trade deficit announcement may provide a apprehensionable forecast of future trade deficits and therefore has implications about supply and demand conditions in the foreign exchange market. For example, if the trade deficit was larger than anticipated, and is expected to continue, this implies that the UK demand for foreign currencies may be larger than initially anticipated. Thus, the pound would be expected to weaken. Some speculators may take a position in foreign currencies immediately and could cause animmediate decline in the pound. b. In some periods, foreign exchange traders do not respond to a trade deficit announcement, even when the announced deficit is very large. Offer an explanation for such a lack of reaction.ANSWER If the market correctly anticipated the trade deficit figure, then any news contained in the announcement has already been accounted for in the market. The market should only respond to an announcement about the trade deficit if the announcement contains new informatio n. 11. Comovements of Exchange Rates. Explain why the value of the British pound against the dollar will not always move in tandem with the value of the euro against the dollar. ANSWER The euros value changes in receipt to the flow of funds between the U.S. and the countries using the euro or their currency. The pounds value changes in response to the flow of funds between the U.S. and the U.K. As the UK economy is different from the euro economy, economic events will have a different impact, the events themselves may also differ. Assuming that the market is efficient and that the exchange rates do move according to relevant information the fact that the relevant information sets differ justifies a less than perfect correlation of movements. That they are similar is understandable as although different, the differences are not that great.12. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. In the 1990s, Russia was attempting to import more goods but had little to offer other countries in terms of potential exports. In addition, Russias inflation rate was high. Explain the type of hale that these factors placed on the Russian currency. ANSWER The large amount of Russian imports and lack of Russian exports placed downward pressure on the Russian currency. The high inflation rate in Russia also placed downward pressure on the Russian currency.13. National Income Effects. Analysts commonly attribute the appreciation of a currency to expectations that economic conditions will strengthen. Yet, this chapter suggests that when other factors are held constant, increased national income could increase imports and cause the local currency to weaken. In reality, other factors are not constant. What other factor is likely to be affected by increased economic growth and could place upwardlypressure on the value of the local currency?ANSWER Interest rates escape to rise in response to a stronger economy, and higher interest rates can place upward pressure on the local currency (as long as there is not offsetting pressure by higher expected inflation).14. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. If the Asian countries experience a decline in economic growth (and experience a decline in inflation and interest rates as a precede), how will their currency values (relative to the British pound) be affected?ANSWER A relative decline in Asian economic growth will reduce Asian demand for UK products, which places upward pressure on Asian currencies. However, given the change in interest rates, Asian corporations with excess cash may now invest in the UK or other countries, thereby increasing the demand for pounds. Thus, a decline in Asian interest rates will place downward pressure on the value of the Asian currencies. The overall impact depends on the magnitude of the forces just depict.15. Impact of Crises. Why do you think most crises in countries (such as the Asian crisis) cause the local currency to weaken abruptly? Is it because of trade or capital flows? ANSWER Capital flows have a larger influence. In general, crises tend to cause investors to expect that there will be less investment in the country in the future and also cause concern that any existing investments will generate poor returns (because of defaults on loans or cut valuations of stocks). Thus, as investors liquidate their investments and convert the local currency into other currencies to invest elsewhere, downward pressure is placed on the local currency. 16. How do you think weaker economic conditions would affect trade flows in a Developing sylvan? How would weaker conditions affect the value of its currency (holding other factors constant)? How do you think interest rates would be affected? ANSWER Weak world economic conditions would aftermath in a reduced demand for foreign products, which results in a decline in the demand for foreign currencies, particularly the currencies of ontogeny countries that rely on exports. Taking the US as the dominant economy there would therefo rebe downward pressure on currencies relative to the dollar (upward pressure on the dollars value). The trim back U.S. interest rates that accompany weaker economic conditions should reduce the capital flows to the U.S., which place downward pressure on the value of the dollar.Advanced Questions17. Measuring Effects on Exchange Rates. Tarheel Co. plans to find how changes in UK and euro real interest rates will affect the value of the British pound. a. Describe a regression model that could be used to achieve this purpose. Also explain the expected sign of the regression coefficient.ANSWER Various models are possible.Based on the model above, the regression coefficient is expected to have a negative sign. A comparatively high real interest rate differential would likely cause a weaker euro value, other things being equal. An appropriate model would also include other independent variables that may influence the percentage change in the pesos value.b. If Tarheel Co. thinks that the existence of a quota in particular historical periods may have affected exchange rates, how might this be accounted for in the regression model? ANSWER A dope variable could be included in the model, assigned a value of one for periods when a quota existed and a value of zero when it did not exist. This answer requires some creative thinking, as it is not drawn today from the text.18. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates. Mexico tends to have much higher inflation than the United States and also much higher interest rates than the United States. Inflation and interest rates are much more volatile in Mexico than in industrialized countries. The value of the Mexican peso is typically more volatile than the currencies of industrialized countries from a U.S. perspective it has typically depreciated from one year to the next, but the degree of depreciation has varied substantially. The cabal/ask spread tends to be wider for the peso than for currencies of industrialized countries.a. Ide ntify the most obvious economic reason for the persistent depreciationof the peso. ANSWER The high inflation in Mexico places continual downward pressure on the value of the peso.b. High interest rates are commonly expected to strengthen a countrys currency because they can encourage foreign investment in securities in that country, which results in the exchange of other currencies for that currency. Yet, the pesos value has declined against the dollar over most years even though Mexican interest rates are typically much higher than U.S. interest rates. Thus, it appears that the high Mexican interest rates do not attract substantial U.S. investment in Mexicos securities. Why do you think U.S. investors do not try to capitalize on the high interest rates in Mexico?ANSWER The high interest rates in Mexico result from expectations of high inflation. That is, the real interest rate in Mexico may not be any higher than the U.S. real interest rate. stipulation the high inflationary expec tations, U.S. investors recognize the potential weakness of the peso, which could more than offset the high interest rate (when they convert the pesos back to dollars at the end of the investment period). Therefore, the high Mexican interest rates do not encourage U.S. investment in Mexican securities, and do not help to strengthen the value of the peso. c. Why do you think the bid/ask spread is higher for pesos than for currencies of industrialized countries? How does this affect a U.S. firm that does substantial business in Mexico? ANSWER The bid/ask spread is wider because the banks that provide foreign exchange services are subject to more risk when they maintain currencies such as the peso that could decline abruptly at any time. A wider bid/ask spread adversely affects the U.S. firm that does business in Mexico because it increases the transactions costs associated with conversion of dollars to pesos, or pesos to dollars.19. Aggregate Effects on Exchange Rates. Assume that th e United Kingdom invests heavily in government and corporate securities of rustic K. In addition, residents of Country K invest heavily in the United Kingdom. Approximately 10 billion worth of investment transactions occur between these two countries each year. The hit pound value of trade transactions per year is about 8 gazillion. This information is expected to also hold in the future. Because your firm exports goods to Country K, your job asinternational cash manager requires you to forecast the value of Country Ks currency (the krank) with respect to the pound. Explain how each of the interest conditions will affect the value of the krank, holding other things equal. Then, aggregate all of these impacts to develop an overall forecast of the kranks movement against the pound.a. UK inflation has suddenly increased substantially, firearm Country Ks inflation remains low. ANSWER Increased UK demand for the krank. lessen supply of kranks for sale. up(a) pressure in the kranks value.b. UK interest rates have increased substantially, while Country Ks interest rates remain low. Investors of both countries are attracted to high interest rates. ANSWER Decreased UK demand for the krank. Increased supply of kranks for sale. Downward pressure on the kranks value.c. The UK income level increased substantially, while Country Ks income level has remained unchanged.ANSWER Increased UK demand for the krank. Upward pressure on the kranks value. d. The UK is expected to impose a small tariff on goods import from Country K. ANSWER The tariff will cause a decrease in the United Kingdom desire for Country Ks goods, and will therefore reduce the demand for kranks for sale. Downward pressure on the kranks value.e. Combine all expected impacts to develop an overall forecast. ANSWER Two of the scenarios described above place upward pressure on the value of the krank. However, these scenarios are related to trade, and trade flows are relatively minor between the UK and Countr y K. The interest rate scenario places downward pressure on the kranks value. Since the interest rates affect capital flows and capital flows dominate trade flows between the UK and Country K, the interest rate scenario should overwhelm all other scenarios. Thus, when considering the importance of implications of all scenarios, the krank is expected to depreciate.20. Speculation. juicy Demon avow expects that the Mexican peso will depreciate against the dollar from its spot rate of $.15 to $.14 in 10 days.The following(a) interbank impart and borrowing rates existU.S. dollarMexican peso modifying Rate8.0%8.5% borrowing Rate8.3%8.7%Assume that Blue Demon pious platitude has a borrowing capacity of either $10 million or 70 million peos in the interbank market, depending on which currency it wants to borrow. a. How could Blue Demon hope attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the sugars that could be generated from this strategy. ANSWE R Blue Demon stick can capitalize on its expectations about pesos (MXP) as follows 1. Borrow MXP70 million2. metamorphose the MXP70 million to dollarsMXP70,000,000 $.15 = $10,500,0003. Lend the dollars through the interbank market at 8.0% annualized over a 10-day period. The amount accumulated in 10 days is$10,500,000 1 + (8% 10/360) = $10,500,000 1.002222 = $10,523,333 4. Repay the peso loan. The refund amount on the peso loan is MXP70,000,000 1 + (8.7% 10/360) = 70,000,000 1.002417=MXP70,169,167 5. Based on the expected spot rate of $.14, the amount of dollars needed to pay off the peso loan isMXP70,169,167 $.14 = $9,823,6836. After repaying the loan, Blue Demon Bank will have a speculative profit (if its forecasted exchange rate is accurate) of$10,523,333 $9,823,683 = $699,650b. Assume all the preceding information with this exception Blue Demon Bankexpects the peso to appreciate from its present spot rate of $.15 to $.17 in 30 days. How could it attempt to capitaliz e on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy.ANSWER Blue Demon Bank can capitalize on its expectations as follows 1. Borrow $10 million2. diversify the $10 million to pesos (MXP)$10,000,000/$.15 = MXP66,666,6673. Lend the pesos through the interbank market at 8.5% annualized over a 30-day period. The amount accumulated in 30 days isMXP66,666,667 1 + (8.5% 30/360) = 66,666,667 1.007083 = MXP67,138,889 4. Repay the dollar loan. The repayment amount on the dollar loan is $10,000,000 1 + (8.3% 30/360) = $10,000,000 1.006917 = $10,069,170 5. win over the pesos to dollars to repay the loan. The amount of dollars to be received in 30 days (based on the expected spot rate of $.17) isMXP67,138,889 $.17 = $11,413,6116. The profits are determined by estimating the dollars lendable after repaying the loan $11,413,611 $10,069,170 = $1,344,44121. Speculation. infield Bank expects that the Singapore dollar will dep reciate against the euro from its spot rate of 0.48 euros to 0.45 euros in 60 days. The following interbank lending and borrowing rates existLending RateeuroSingapore dollar7.0%22.0%Borrowing Rate7.2%24.0%Diamond Bank considers borrowing 10 million Singapore dollars in the interbank market and investing the funds in euros for 60 days. Estimate the profits (or losses) that could be earned from this strategy. Should Diamond Bank pursue this strategy?ANSWERBorrow S$10,000,000 and convert to eurosS$10,000,000 0.48 = 4,800,000 eurosInvest funds for 60 days. The rate earned in the euros for 60 days is 7% (60/360) = 1.17%Total amount accumulated in 60 days4,800,000 euros (1 + .0117) = 4,856,160 euros win over euros back to S$ in 60 days4,856,160 /0.45 = S$10,791,467The rate to be paid on loan is.24 (60/360) = .04Amount owed on S$ loan isS$10,000,000 (1 + .04) = S$10,400,000This strategy results in a profitS$10,791,467 S$10,400,000 = S$391,467Diamond Bank should pursue this strategy.B lades plc caseful StudyAs the chief financial officer of Blades plc Ben Holt is pleased that his current system of exporting Speedos to siamese connectionland seems to be working well. Blades capital customer in Siameseland, a retailer called Entertainment Products, has commit itself to purchasing a fixed number of Speedos annually for the next three years at a fixed price denominated in tical, siamese connectionlands currency. Furthermore, Blades is using a Thai supplier for some of the components needed to manufacture Speedos. Nevertheless, Holt is concerned about recent developments in Asia. Foreign investors from various countries had invested heavily in Thailand to take advantage of the high interest rates there. As a result of the weak economy in Thailand, however,many foreign investors have illogical confidence in Thailand and have withdrawn their funds.Ben Holt has two major concerns regarding these developments. First, he is wondering how these changes in Thailands economy could affect the value of the Thai baht and, consequently, Blades. More specifically, he is wondering whether the effects on the Thai baht may affect Blades even though its primary Thai customer is committed to Blades over the next three years. Second, Holt believes that Blades may be able to speculate on the anticipated movement of the baht, but he is uncertain about the procedure needed to accomplish this. To facilitate Holts understand of exchange rate speculation, he has asked you, Blades financial analyst, to provide him with detailed illustrations of two scenarios. In the first, the baht would move from a current level of 0.0147 to 0.0133 within the next 30 days. Under the second scenario, the baht would move from its current level to 0.0167 within the next 30 days.Based on Holts needs, he has provided you with the following list of questions to be answered 1. How are percentage changes in a currencys value mensural? expound your answer numerically by assuming a c hange in the Thai bahts value from a value of 0.0147 to 0.0173. 2. What are the basic factors that determine the value of a currency? In equilibrium, what is the relationship between these factors?3. How might the relatively high levels of inflation and interest rates in Thailand have affected the bahts value? (Assume a constant level of UK inflation and interest rates.) 4. How do you think the loss of confidence in the Thai baht, evidenced by the separation of funds from Thailand, affected the bahts value? Would Blades be affected by the change in value, given the primary Thai customers commitment?5. Assume that Thailands central bank wishes to foresee a withdrawal of funds from its country in order to counteract further changes in the currencys value. How could it accomplish this objective using interest rates?6. Construct a spreadsheet illustrating the steps Blades treasurer would need to follow in order to speculate on expected movements in the bahts value over the next 30 da ys. Also show the speculative profit (in pounds) resulting from each scenario. commit both of Ben Holts examples to illustrate possible speculation. Assume that Blades can borrow either 7 million or the baht equivalent of this amount. Furthermore, assume that the following short-term interest rates (annualized) are available to Blades CurrencyDollarsThai bahtLending Rate8.10%14.80%Borrowing Rate8.20%15.40%Solution to Continuing Case Problem Blades.1. How are percentage changes in a currencys value measured? Illustrate your answer numerically by assuming a change in the Thai bahts value from a value of 0.0147 to 0.0173. ANSWER The percentage change in a currencys value is measured as follows%SStSt11where S denotes the spot rate, and St 1 denotes the spot rate as of the earlier date. A positive percentage change represents appreciation of the foreign currency, while a negative percentage change represents depreciation.In the example provided, the percentage change in the Thai baht wo uld be = 17.69%0.0173 0.01470.0147That is, the baht would be expected to appreciate by 17.69%. 2. What are the basic factors that determine the value of a currency? In equilibrium, what is the relationship between these factors?ANSWER The basic factors that determine the value of a currency are the supply of the currency for sale and the demand for the currency. A high level of supply of a currency generally decreases the currencys value, while a high level of demand for a currency increases its value. In equilibrium, the supply of the currency equals the demand for the currency. 3. How might the relatively high levels of inflation and interest rates have affected the bahts value? (Assume a constant level of UK inflation and interest rates.) ANSWER The baht would be affected both by inflation levels and interest rates in Thailand relative to levels of these variables in the UK. A high level of inflation tends to result in currency depreciation, as it would increase the Thai demand for UK goods, causing an increase in the Thai demand for dollars. Furthermore, a relatively high level of Thai inflation would reduce the UK demand for Thai goods, causing an increase in the supply of baht for sale. Conversely, the high level of interest rates in Thailand may cause appreciation of the baht relative to the dollar. A relatively high level of interest rates in Thailand would have rendered investments there more attractive for UK investors, causing an increase in the demand for baht. Furthermore, UK securities would have been less attractive to Thai investors, causing an increase in the supply of dollars for sale. However, investors might be unwilling to invest in baht-denominated securities if they are concerned about the potential depreciation of the baht that could result from Thailands inflation.4. How do you think the loss of confidence in the Thai baht, evidenced by the withdrawal of funds from Thailand, affected the bahts value? Would Blades be affected by the ch ange in value, given the primary Thai customers commitment?ANSWER In general, a depreciation in the foreign currency results when investors liquidate their investments in the foreign currency, increasing the supply of its currency for sale. Blades would belike be affected by the change in value even though its Thai customers commitment, as the sales are denominated in baht. Thus, the depreciation in the baht would have caused a conversion of the baht revenue into fewer pounds.5. Assume that Thailands central bank wishes to prevent a withdrawal of funds from its country in order to prevent further changes in the currencys value. How could it accomplish this objective using interest rates?ANSWER If Thailands central bank wishes to prevent further depreciation in the bahts value, it would attempt to increase the level of interest rates in Thailand. In turn, this would increase the demand for Thai baht by UK investors, as Thai securities would now seem more attractive. This would place upward pressure on the currencys value. However, the high interest rates could reduce local borrowing and spending.6. Construct a spreadsheet illustrating the steps Blades treasurer would need to follow in order to speculate on expected movements in the bahts value over the next 30 days. Also show the speculative profit (in dollars) resulting from each scenario. Use both of Ben Holts examples to illustrate possible speculation. Assume that Blades can borrow either 10 million or the baht equivalent of this amount. Furthermore, assume that the following short-term interest rates (annualized) are available to BladesCurrencyDollarsThai bahtLending Rate8.10%14.80%Borrowing Rate8.20%15.40%ANSWER (See spreadsheet attached.)Depreciation of the Baht from 0.0147 to 0.01331. Borrow Thai baht (10,000,000/0.0147)2. Convert the Thai baht to pounds 680,272,109 baht 0.0147). 3. Lend the pounds at 8.10% annualized, which represents a 0.68% return over the 30-day period computed as 8.10% (30/360). After 30 days, Blades would receive (10,000,000 (1 + .0068))4. Use the proceeds of the dollar loan repayment (on Day 30) to repay the baht borrowed. The annual interest on the baht borrowed is 15.40%, or 1.28% over the 30-day period computed as 15.40% (30/360). The total baht amount unavoidable to repay the loan is therefore (680,272,109 (1 + .0128))680,272,10910,000,00010,068,000.00688,979,5925. Number of pounds necessary to repay baht loan (688,979,592 baht 0.0133)9,163,4296. Speculative profit (10,068,000 9,163,429)904,571Appreciation of the Baht from 0.0147 to 0.01671. Borrow pounds.2. Convert the pounds to Thai baht (10 million/0.0147).3. Lend the baht at 14.80% annualized, which represents a 1.23% return over the 30-day period computed as 14.80% (30/360). After 30 days,10,000,000.00680,272,109Blades would receive (THB 680,272,109 (1 + .0123))4. Use the proceeds of the baht loan repayment (on Day 30) to repay the dollars borrowed. The annual interest on the dollars borrow ed is 8.20%, or 0.68% over the 30-day period computed as 8.20% (30/360). The total dollar amount necessary to repay the loan is therefore (10,000,000 (1 + .0068))5. Number of baht necessary to repay dollar loan (10,068,000.00/0.0167) 6. Speculative profit (THB688,639,456 THB602,874,251)7. Dollar equivalent of speculative profit (THB 85,765,2050.0167)688,639,45610,068,000.00602,874,25185,765,2051,432,278Blades would be ill advised to speculate in this way as it is not a specialist in the financial markets and does not have specialist abilities or information to use. These actions are thyerfore little better than gambling and are highly ill advised.Small Business DilemmaAssessment by the Sports Exports Company of Factors That Affect the British Pounds Value1. Given Jims expectations, forecast whether the pound will appreciate or depreciate against the euro over time.ANSWER The pound should depreciate because the British inflation is expected to be higher than the euro. This could ca use a shift in trade flows that would place downward pressure on the pounds value. The interest rate movements of both countries are expected to be similar for both countries. Therefore, there should not be any adjustment in the capital flows between the two countries.2. Given Jims expectations, will the Sports Exports Company be favourably or unfavourably affected by the future changes in the value of the pound?ANSWER The Sports Exports Company will be unfavourably affected, because depreciation in the British pound will cause the pound receivables to convert into fewer euros.

Documents of American History Essay

John Adams is an important figure in the history of this country at the just about important time in its history the time of its birth. He is a towering figure in American History and his accomplishments babble out to protecting the rights of his fellow men, even if those men were British soldiers accused of dead reckoning Americans as was the case with the Boston Massacre of 1770.John Adams served as minister to France in 1777 when at that time, the colonists badly needed French intervention if they ever hoped to win the American Revolution. Adams also had a contributing billet in Americas Declaration of Independence as he was a vocal portion of the Continental Congress. Adams also wrote the Massachusetts State organisation, including its Bill of Rights. All of the above menti aced speak to the love of e homosexualcipation and the protection of these rights to which Adams spoke so dearly.So then why during the 20th century, was Adams almost vilified comp ared to his friend an d one time enemy Thomas Jefferson? It is peculiar how History seems to take sides over one issue of vilifies or glorifies one somebody above his real role in life. Both Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln enjoyed such an honor during the latter half of the 19th century and into the 20th. Only recently, when it is almost certain, that Jefferson fathered children of a mixed breed, insofar still owned cc slaves at a time, when Adams spoke to the emancipation of sla actu altogethery, does the playing field pay back more level.This is especially true with David McCulloughs book John Adams, which actually sparked a Congressional taste into the importance of John Adams and a rethinking by the American public, spoke about the legacy of a man who was vital to the survival of this new experiment called the American Republic. Adams is vilified to a certain degree for deuce actions forcing his severity over the loss of the 1800 election, not to greet the incoming President as is the custo m now, and the dreaded stranger and Sedition Acts of 1798 which horrified Thomas Jefferson and helped lead to the one time crush friends, not to speak to speak to each other for another twelve years.Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson will be forevermore linked together in American history. The 2nd and 3rd presidents of The join States and one time best friends, who later became political rivals and has the distinction of dying on the same day the 50 day of remembrance of the write of the Declaration of Independence, were giants in the quest for American Independence. John Adams, twice, served as a diplomat to France both during the American Revolution as vigorous as in the years immediately following the war.Both Jefferson and Adams were very important times since historians later hailed French involvement in the American Revolution as what helped cancelled the tide of the war in the favor of the colonists. (McCullough, 2001 p. 322) And as the war was nearing its end, John Adams wrote his states Constitution as well as its Bill of Rights. This Constitution, more than any other of its time, expanded these rights, to a greater degree than had been seen previously. Adams was instrumental in procuring the freedom of African Americans, who in Jeffersons Virginia, would continue to be slaves or live in slave like conditions well after the end of the Civil War and in spite of the passage of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. But it would not be until the 20th century that such ironies were habituated their proper attention.But it would be the passage of the 1798 Alien and Sedition Act that would puzzle and infuriate all those that had been a part of the construction of the Constitutions Bill of Rights in 1791 and specifically, the 1st amendment which protected, among others, a persons right of free speech. (Burns, 1997) This meaning has been expanded over the years but then as well as now, its foremost usage was to protect one who criticized the governme nt, from reprisal.The 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts seemed to come in stark contrast to this most sacred of rights within the American Constitution. It said That if any persons shall un fair playfully harmonize or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States Shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000 or a term in prison between five months to six years. (Commanger, 1947 p. 177) This Act would later be repealed just to see the light of day again in 1918 during WWI. But such measures, horrified Thomas Jefferson and in response, wrote along with his friend James Madison, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which were in direct response to the Sedition Acts and portrayed the further wear out between the Federalist and Democratic Parties, made even wider by the personal disunion caused by Adams and Jefferson.T he Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that no place over freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated by the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right remain, and were reserved to the States, or to the people. (Commanger, 1947 p. 179) This meant that Jefferson, always distrusting of freehand government and in line with his belief in states rights, proclaimed that the federal government had no legal power in enforcing the Alien and Sedition Acts as well as the fact that such restrictions on human beings freedom was in express contradiction to the Constitution and the ideals in which the American Revolution was fought in the first place.Everyone who had been locked up or fined under the Alien and Sedition Act was either set free or reimbursed by the federal government along with written apologies when Thomas Jefferson took over as President in March of 1801.The f eud between Jefferson and Adams, made even larger by the ugliness of the 1800 Presidential election, lasted until 1812, when both were out of public office. Jefferson started a correspondence with Adams in what would become one of the most poignant and internality filled pieces of American literature. They both reminisced about their time together, hoping that this experiment in human democracy called the United States was actually going to work or not. Apologies were not given but rather regret that so much time has been lost to two people that were so important to the nation as well as to each other, were expressed in the correspondence.And what has to be one of the greatest coincidences in American history, two giants of American freedom who did not always practice what they preached Adams enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson personally owning more than 200 slaves for most of his lifetime, but still responsible for the expansion of human rights in America, d ied on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Each died while saying that the other still lives. They were both right in that respect.